Micromorphology of Soils - Brossura

Fitzpatrick, E. A.

Brossura

ISBN 10: 9401089469 ISBN 13: 9789401089463

Casa editrice: Springer Nature, 2011

Riassunto

One of the first major studies of weathering and soil formation was made by Harrison (1933) who used thin sections in association with other procedures to study the transformation of minerals in different kinds of rock under the tropical conditions of Guyana. However, Kubiena (1938) is regarded as pioneering thin section studies of soils and during the last two decades there has been a rapid increase in the number of publications devoted almost exclusively to the study of soils in thin sections. In addition to the rather straightforward examinations with the polarizing microscope, thin section techniques are being linked with X-ray diffraction, X-ray microprobe, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, microbiological and other procedures to obtain a fuller insight into the composition and genesis of soils. Thus the study of thin sections of soils is now a major pedological technique for investigating small details in the nature, type and degree of organization of the soil fabric and structure. Thin sections reveal that particles of various sizes and composition react differently to pedological processes and become weathered or organized to form many specific patterns. This book is an attempt to give a comprehensive treatment of thin section studies of soils. Although primarily about the study of thin sections with optical microscopes a few transmission and scanning electron photomicro­ graphs are included to confirm the inferences based upon the studies made with the optical microscope.

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Contenuti:

1. Principles of thin section preparation.- 1.1 Choosing the size of the thin section.- 1.2 Collecting the sample.- 1.3 Removing water from the sample.- 1.4 Impregnating the sample.- 1.5 Lapping the impregnated sample.- 1.6 Polishing the impregnated sample.- 1.7 Grinding, lapping and polishing the slide.- 2. Preparation of polished blocks and thin sections of soils.- 2.1 Collection of samples of soft coherent non-stony material.- 2.2 Collection of samples of hard material.- 2.3 Collecting loose friable surface samples.- 2.4 Removal or replacement of water and impregnation with Crystic resin.- 2.5 Transferring the specimen to the impregnation mould.- 2.6 Removal of water.- 2.7 Impregnation.- 2.8 Sawing the impregnated block.- 2.9 Surface impregnation with Crystic resin.- 2.10 Lapping the block.- 2.11 Polishing the block.- 2.12 Cleaning the polished block.- 2.13 Mounting the polished block.- 2.14 Labelling the slide.- 2.15 Cutting off the excess specimen.- 2.16 Machine grinding the specimen.- 2.17 Final lapping stages for the specimen.- 2.18 Polishing the specimen.- 2.19 Mounting the cover glass.- 2.20 Logitech machine systems for thin section production.- 3. Examination of thin sections and polished blocks.- 3.1 Examination of thin sections and polished blocks with the stereo-microscope.- 3.2 Examination of thin sections with the petrological microscope.- 3.3 The construction and use of the petrological microscope.- 3.4 Properties of minerals determined with the petrological microscope.- 4 Properties of minerals in thin sections.- 4.1 Allophane.- 4.2 Amphiboles.- 4.3 Anatase.- 4.4 Antigorite-chrysotile.- 4.5 Apatite.- 4.6 Augite.- 4.7 Biotite.- 4.8 Calcite.- 4.9 Chalcedony.- 4.10 Chlorite.- 4.11 Clinozoisite.- 4.12 Diopside.- 4.13 Enstatite.- 4.14 Epidote.- 4.15 Feldspars.- 4.16 Ferric hydroxide.- 4.17 Garnet.- 4.18 Gibbsite.- 4.19 Goethite.- 4.20 Gypsum.- 4.21 Halite.- 4.22 Halloysite and metahalloysite.- 4.23 Hematite.- 4.24 Hornblende.- 4.25 Hypersthene.- 4.26 Ice.- 4.27 Iddingsite.- 4.28 Ilmenite.- 4.29 Jarosite.- 4.30 Kaolinite.- 4.31 Lepidocrocite.- 4.32 Magnetite.- 4.33 Manganese dioxide.- 4.34 Microcline.- 4.35 Montmorillonite.- 4.36 Muscovite.- 4.37 Olivine.- 4.38 Opal.- 4.39 Orthoclase.- 4.40 Plagioclases.- 4.41 Pyrite.- 4.42 Quartz.- 4.43 Rutile.- 4.44 Serpentine.- 4.45 Siderite.- 4.46 Titanite.- 4.47 Tourmaline.- 4.48 Tremolite - actinolite.- 4.49 Vermiculite.- 4.50 Volcanic glass.- 4.51 Zircon.- 5 Properties applicable to most features seen in thin sections.- 5.1 Colour.- 5.2 Frequency.- 5.3 Prominence.- 5.4 Size.- 5.5 Shape.- 5.6 Roundness and sphericity.- 5.7 Surface characteristics.- 5.8 Boundaries.- 5.9 Distribution pattern.- 5.10 Relationships with other features.- 5.11 Orientation.- 6 Fabric, structure and matrix.- 6.1 Fabric and structure.- 6.2 Matrix.- 6.3 Conclusions.- 7 Features present in thin sections.- 7.1 Fabric.- 7.2 Structure and pores.- 7.3 Passages-faunal and root.- 7.4 Faecal material.- 7.5 Organic materials.- 7.6 Rock fragments.- 7.7 Detrital grains.- 7.8 Particle size distribution.- 7.9 Fine material.- 7.10 Coatings.- 7.11 Clay plugs.- 7.12 Surface residues.- 7.13 Impregnated surfaces.- 7.14 Anisotropic surfaces - false coatings.- 7.15 Subsurface organizations and accumulations.- 7.16 Secondary mineral material.- 7.17 Amorphous and microcrystalline material.- 7.18 Segregations and concretions.- 7.19 Weathering features and products.- 7.20 Microorganisms.- 7.21 Soil erratics.- 7.22 Infillings and intergrowths.- 7.23 Other features.- 7.24 Features observed in polished blocks.- 8 Description of thin sections and polished blocks.- 8.1 Homogeneity and heterogeneity.- 8.2 Recognition of individuals.- 8.3 Recognition of patterns.- 8.4 Description of individuals and patterns.- 8.5 Quantification.- 8.6 Interpretation.- 8.7 Description of thin sections.- 8.8 Description of polished blocks.- 8.9 Reminder data of properties.- 8.10 Reminder data of features.- 9 Teaching micromorphology.- 9.1 Introductory course in thin section morphology.- 9.2 Advanced course in thin section morphology.- 9.3 Exercises.- 10 Photography.- 10.1 Photographing the whole specimen using transmitted light.- 10.2 Photographing the whole specimen using ultraviolet light.- 10.3 Photomicrography.- 10.4 Photography for pore identification.- 11 Ancillary techniques.- 11.1 Electron analyses.- 11.2 X-ray analysis of thin sections.- 11.3 Ion thinning.- 11.4 Low temperature ashing.- 11.5 Image analysis.- 11.6 Three-dimensional analysis.- 11.7 Polarization-interference contrast examinations.- 11.8 Phase contrast.- 11.9 Fluorescence.- 11.10 Staining feldspars.- 11.11 Staining carbonates.- 11.12 Staining clay minerals.- 11.13 Staining microorganisms.- 11.14 Preparation of acetate peels.- 11.15 Removal of iron oxides from thin sections.- 11.16 Autoradiographs of impregnated blocks and thin sections.- 12 Applications.- 12.1 Agriculture.- 12.2 Archeology.- 12.3 Engineering.- 12.4 Geomorphology.- 12.5 Paleoclimatology.- 12.6 Pedology and paleopedology.- 12.7 Soil microbiology.- 12.8 Soil zoology.- 13 The micromorphology of soils.- References.

Su questa edizione

• Editore: Springer Nature
• Data di pubblicazione: 2011
• ISBN 10: 9401089469
• ISBN 13: 9789401089463
• Rilegatura: Copertina flessibile
• Numero di pagine: 452