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List of Maps XXIII
List of Boxes XXV
Books of Related Interest XXIX
Preface XXX
Introduction XXXIX
Chapter 1 The First Civilizations
I. The Earliest Humans
Human Beings as Food Gatherers/Human Beings as Food Producers/Early Near Eastern Villages
II.The First Civilizations in Mesopotamia
The Emergence of Civilization/Sumer/The Babylonian Kingdom/Mesopotamian Culture
III.Egypt
The Old and Middle Kingdoms/The New Kingdom/A View of Egyptian Society
IV. Palestine
Canaanites and Phoenicians/Hebrew Society and the Bible/The Jewish Legacy
V.*The Early Indo-Europeans
The Hittite Kingdom/The Close of the Bronze Age
VI. The Near Eastern States
The Assyrian State/The Chaldeans and the Medes/The Persian Empire
Chapter 2 The Forming of Greek Civilizations
I.Crete and Early Greece (ca. 3000-1100 B.C.)
Cretan Civilization/Crete and the Greeks/Mycenaean Civilization (ca. 1600-1100 B.C.)
II.The Greek Renaissance (ca. 800-600 B.C.)
Greek Religion/Public Games/Colonization (ca. 750-550 B.C.)/The Alphabet/Archaic Literature
III.The Polis
Organization and Government/The Economy of the Poleis (ca. 700-400 B.C.)/Sparta and Athens (ca. 700-500 B.C.)
IV.The Challenge of Persia
The Invasion under Darius and Marathon (490 B.C.)/The Second Persian War (480-479 B.C.)
V.The Wars of the Fifth Century (479-404 B.C.)
The Athenian Empire/The Age of Pericles/The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)
Chapter 3 Classical and Hellenistic Greece
I. Classical Greek Culture (ca. 500-323 B.C.)
Philosophy/Greek Tragedy/Comedy: Aristophanes/Historical Writing/The Family in Classical Greece
II. The Rise of Macedonia
Philip II of Macedonia/Alexander the Great
III. The Hellenistic Age (323-30 B.C.)
The Dissolution of Alexander’s Empire/The Economic Life/Literature, Art, and Science/Philosophy and Religion
Chapter 4 The Roman Republic
I. The Unification of Italy (to 264 B.C.)
The Geography of Italy/Early Rome/The Struggle of the Orders (494-287 B.C.)/Roman Society in the Republic/Early Expansion of Rome
II. The Age of Mediterranean Conquest (264-133 B.C.)
The Punic Wars/Expansion in the Eastern Mediterranean/The Nature of Roman Expansion
III. The Roman Revolution (133-27 B.C.)
Social Change and the Gracchi/The Years if the Warlords/The First Triumvirate/The Supremacy of Julius Caesar
IV. The End of the Roman Republic
The Second Triumvirate/Octavian Triumphant
V. The Founding of the Roman Empire
Augustus and the Principate/Augustus, the First Roman Emperor
Chapter 5 The Empire and Christianity
I. The Empire at Its Height
The Successors of Augustus/The Five Good Emperors/Roman Imperial Civilization
II. The Period of Crises
The Crisis of Leadership/Weaknesses in the Institution of Slavery/The Plight of the Poor
III. The Late Roman Empire
Restoration under Diocletian/Constantine and the Bureaucracy/The Decline of the Western Empire
IV. Christianity and Its Early Rivals
The Mystery Religions/The Jews in the Roman Empire/Origins of Christianity/Battles within Christianity/The Fathers of the Church
Chapter 6 The Making of Western Europe
I. The New Community of Peoples
The Great Migrations/Germanic Society/Germans and Romans
II. The New Political Structures
The Early Byzantine Empire/Justinian the Great (r. 527-650)/The Frankish Kingdom/Kingship in Italy and Spain/Anglo-Saxon England
III. The New Economy, 500-900
Agricultureal Innovations/Trade and Manufacture
IV. The Expansion of the Church
Origins of the Papacy/Monasticism/Missionaries and Popular Religion/The Church and Classical Learning
Chapter 7 The Empires of the Early Middle Ages (800-1000): Creation and Erosion
I. The Byzantine Empire (623-1071)
Strains on the Empire/Byzantine Government/The Two Churches/Byzantine Economy and Society/Byzantine Culture/Decline of the Byzantine Empire
II. Islam
The Arabs/Muhammad/The Religion of Islam/Expansion of Islam/Islamic Economy and Society/Islamic Culture/Decline of Medieval Islamic Civilization
III. The Carolingian, or Frankish, Empire
Charlemagne/Carolingian Government/The Carolingian Renaissance/Carolingian Society and Culture/Decline of the Carolingian Empire
IV. The Vikings, Kiev, and England
The Vikings/The Kievan Rus Principality/Anglo-Saxon England
Chapter 8 Restoration of an Ordered Society
I. Economic and Social Changes
Feudalism/Life of the Nobility/Manorialism/Peasant Life/Expansion of Europe/Commercial Expansion/Rebirth of Urban Life
II. Governments of Europe 1000-1150
Norman England/Capetian France/The German Empire
III. The Reform of the Western Church
The Church in Crisis/Monastic Reform/Papal Reform/Investiture Controversy/Consolidation on Papal Reform
IV. The Crusades
Origins/The Motives of the Crusaders/The First Crusade/The Kingdom of Jerusalem/The Later Crusades/Military-Religious Orders/Results of the Crusades
Chapter 9 The Flowering of Medieval Civilization
I. Cultural Developments
The Rise of Universities/Scholasticism/Spiritual Approaches to Knowledge/Romanesque Architecture/The Gothic Style/Court Culture
II. The States of Europe
England/France/The Iberian Kingdoms/Germany: The Holy Empire
III. The Church
The Growth of Heresy/The Suppression of Heresy/The Franciscans/Papal Government
Chapter 10 The Urban Economy and the Consolidation of States
I. Cities, Trade, and Commerce
Urban Government/The Organization of Crafts/The Guilds/Commercial Institutions/Sea Traffic/Urban Life
II. Monarchies and the Development of Representative Institutions
England and the Development of Parliament/France and the Consolidation of Rule/The Holy Empire and the Fragmentation of Rule
III.Government in the East
The Byzantine Empire/The Mongols/Muscovite Russia
IV. The Papacy and the Church
The Papacy/Lay Religious Observance
V. Learning and Literature
Philosophy/Dante
Chapter 11 Breakdown and Renewal in an Age of Plague
I. Population Catastrophes
Demographic Decline/Plague
II. Economic Depression and Recovery
Agricultural Specialization/Protectionism/Technological Advances/The Standard of Living
III. Popular Unrest
Rural Revolts/Urban Revolts/The Seeds of Discontent
IV. Challenges of the Governments of Europe
Roots of Political Unrest/The Nobility and Factional Strife/England, France, and the Hundred Years’ War/The Tides of the Battle/The Effectors of the Hundred Years’ War/The States of Italy
VI. The Fall of Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire
The Fall of Constantinople
Chapter 12 Tradition and Change in European Culture, 1300-1500
I. The New Learning
The Founding of Humanism/Humanism in the Fifteenth Century/The Florentine Neoplatonists/The Heritage of the New Learning
II. Art and the Artists in the Italian Renaissance
Three Friends/The High Renaissance/Status and Perception
III. The Culture of the North
Chivalry and Decay/Contemporary Views of Northern Society/Art and Music
IV. Scholastic Philosophy, Religious Thought, and Piety
The “Modern Way”/Social and Scientific Thought
V. The State of Christendom
Styles of Piety/Movements of Doctrinal Reform
Chapter 13 Reformations in Religion
I. Piety and Dissent
Doctrine and Reform/Causes of Discontent/Popular Religion/Piety and Protest in Literature and Art/Christian Humanism
II. The Lutheran Reformation
The Conditions for Change/Martin Luther/The Break with Rome/Lutheran Doctrine and Practice/The Spread of Lutheranism/Lutheranism Established
III. The Spread of Protestantism
Zwingli and the Radicals/Persecution of the Radicals/John Calvin/Calvinism/The Anglican Church
IV. The Catholic Revival
Strengths and Weaknesses/The Council of Trent/The Aftermath of Trent/Ignatius Loyola/Religion and Politics
Chapter 14 Economic Expansion and a New Politics
I. Expansion at Home
Population Increase/Economic Growth/Social Change
II. Expansion Overseas
The Portuguese/The Spaniards/The First Colonial Empire
III. The Centralization of Political Powers
Tudor England/Louis XI and Charles VIII/The Growth of Government Powers/United Spain/Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
IV. The Splintered States
V. The New Statecraft
New International Relations/Machiavelli and Guicciardini
Chapter 15 War and Crisis
I. Rivalry and War in the Age of Philip II
Elizabeth I of England/The Dutch Revolt/Civil War in France
II. From Unbounded War to International Crisis
The Thirty years’ War/The Peace of Westphalia
III. The Military Revolution
Weapons and Tactics/The Organization and Support of Armies/The Life of the Soldier
IV. Revolution in England
Pressures for Change/Parliament and Law/Rising Antagonisms/England Under Cromwell
V. Revolts in France and Spain
The France of Henry IV/Louis XIII/Political and Social Crisis/The Fronde/Sources of Discontent in Spain/Revolt and Secession
VI. Political Change in an Age of Crisis
The Unites Provinces/Sweden/Eastern Europe and the Crisis
Chapter 16 Culture and Society in the Age of the Scientific Revolution
I. Scientific Advance from Copernicus to Newton
Origins of the Scientific Revolution/The Breakthroughs/The Climax of the Scientific Revolution: Isaac Newton
II. The Effects of the Discoveries
The New Epistemology/Bacon and Descartes/Pascal’s Protest Against New Sciences/Science Institutionalized
III. The Arts and Literature
Unsettling Art/Unsettling Writers/The Return of Assurance to the Arts/Stability and Restraint in the Arts
V. Social Patterns and Popular Culture
Popular Trends/Social Status/ Mobility and Crime/Changes in the Villages and Cities/Belief in Magic and Rituals/Forces of Restraint/Conclusion
Chapter 17 The Emergence of the European State System
I. Absolutism in France
The Rule of Lo...
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