Critical Thinking: A Student's Introduction, is a clear, learner-friendly text that helps today's students bridge the gap between everyday culture and critical thinking. The text covers all the basics of critical thinking, beginning where students are, not where we think they should be. Its comprehensiveness allows instructors to tailor the material to their individual teaching styles, resulting in an exceptionally versatile text.
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1. Introduction to Critical Thinking
What is Critical Thinking?
Critical Thinking Standards
The Benefits of Critical Thinking
Barriers to Critical Thinking
Characteristics of a Critical Thinker
Chapter Summary
2. Recognizing Arguments
What Is an Argument? / Identifying Premises and Conclusions / What Is Not an Argument? / Chapter Summary
3. Basic Logical Concepts
Deduction and Induction / How Can We Tell Whether an Argument is Deductive or Inductive? / Common Patterns of Deductive Reasoning / Common Patterns of Inductive Reasoning / Deductive Validity / Inductive Strength / Testing for Validity / Chapter Summary
4. Language
The Role of Language in the Assessment of Arguments / Deciding Whether a Premise is True or False / Precision and Personal Viewpoint in Our Own Arguments / Finding the Right Words: The Need for Precision / The Importance of Precise Definitions / Emotive Language: Slanting the Truth / Euphemism and Political Correctness / Chapter Summary
5. Logical Fallacies
1-The Concept of Relevance / Fallacies of Relevance / Chapter Summary
6 Logical Fallacies
2-Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence / Chapter Summary
7. Analyzing Arguments
Diagramming Short Arguments / Summarizing Longer Arguments / Chapter Summary
8. Evaluating Arguments
When Is an Argument a Good One? / When Is It Reasonable to Accept a Premise? / Chapter Summary Appendix: Sample Critical Essay
9. Getting Deeper into Logic: Categorical Reasoning
Categorical Statements / Translating into Standard Categorical Form / Categorical Syllogisms / Chapter Summary
10. Getting Deeper into Logic: Propositional Logic
Conjunction / Conjunction and Validity / Negation / Deeper Analysis of Negation and Conjunction / Disjunction / Conditional Statements / Chapter Summary
11. Inductive Reasoning
Introduction to Induction / Inductive Generalizations / Statistical Arguments / Induction and Analogy / Induction and Causal Arguments / A Few Words about Probability / Chapter Summary
12. Finding, Evaluating and Using Sources
Finding Sources / Refining Your Search / Directional Information / Informational Sources / Evaluating Sources / The Audience / Taking Notes / Using Sources / Acknowledging Sources / Chapter Summary
13. Writing Argumentative Essays
Writing a Successful Argument / Before you Write / Writing the First Draft / After the First Draft / Sample Argumentative Essay / Chapter Summary
14. Thinking Critically About the Media
The Mass Media / The News Media: Message vs. Meaning, Information vs. / Knowledge / Getting us to Pay Attention: What Really Drives the Media / Keeping Our Interest: The News as Entertainment / Media Literacy / Advertisements and the Media / Chapter Summary
15. Science and Pseudoscience
The Basic Pattern of Scientific Reasoning / The Limitations of Science / How to Distinguish Science from Pseudoscience / Two Case Studies in Pseudoscience and the Paranormal / Chapter Summary
Answers to Selected Exercises
Glossary / Index
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