Cultural Anthropology: Tribes, States, and the Global System, with PowerWeb - Brossura

Bodley, John

Brossura

ISBN 10: 0072997672 ISBN 13: 9780072997675

Casa editrice: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2004

Riassunto

This text introduces basic concepts of cultural anthropology by comparing cultures of increasing scale and focusing on specific universal issues. The author challenges students to consider the "big" questions about the nature of cultural systems: How do cultures of different scale meet the challenge of maximizing human security in a dynamic, often threatening world? What is it like to be human under different cultural conditions? What human inequalities are natural and which are cultural? What are the human costs of socioeconomic growth?

"Understanding how tribes, states, and global systems work and how they differ might help citizens design a more secure and equitable world," argues Bodley; it is this advocacy position that informs the text.

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Contenuti:

Part One - The Tribal World: The World Before the State

1.Understanding Culture

Doing Anthropology

Adventures in the Field

Anthropological Research in Amazonia

Culture and Ethnocentrism: The Key Anthropological Concepts

Culture: The Human Way of Life

Chimpanzee Culture?

Self-Interest, Selfish Genes, and the Biology of Culture

Viewing Other Cultures: The Problem of Observer Bias

Box: An Ethnocentric Look at Australian Aborigines

Beyond Ethnocentrism: Emic and Etic Views

Culture Scale, Growth, and Process

The Humanization Process: Reproducing and Maintaining People

Social Power in Three Cultural Worlds

The Functional Organization of Societies and Cultures

Sociocultural Growth and the Scale of Culture

Culture Scale and the Quality of Life: Evaluating Cultures and Cultural Worlds

Summary

Suggested Reading

2. Australian Aborigines: Mobile Foragers for 50,000 Years

Constructing a Sustainable Desert Culture

The Earliest Australians

Population Stability and Balance with Nature?

The Dreaming and the Structure of Aboriginal Society

Sacred Sites and Dreamtime Pathways at Uluru

Box: An Aboriginal Woman Talks About the Dreaming

Aboriginal Band, Clan, & Tribe: Equality and Flexibility

Making a Living with Foraging Technology

Lizards and Grass Seeds: Aboriginal Food Resources

Aboriginal Tools: Digging Stick, Firestick, and Spear

The Forager Way of Life: Aboriginal Affluence as Mode of Thought

Box: A Day in the Life of the Fish Creek Band

Kinship, Age, and Gender: Daily Life in Forager Society

A Kinship-Based Society

Polygyny, Gerontocracy, and Social Equality

Box: Cross-Cousins and Marriage Sections

Box: Kinship and Mother-In-Law Avoidance

Box: Male Initiation: the Terrible Rite

Summary

Study Questions

Suggested Reading

3. Native Amazonians: Villagers of the Rain Forest

Living in the Tropical Rain Forest

The Fragile Abundance of the Rain Forest

The Origins of Tropical Forest Village Culture

Rain Forest Gardening and Manioc Processing

Village Size Limits: Gardens, Protein, or Autonomy?

Biodiversity and Ethnoecological Knowledge

Rain Forest Affluence

Box: Carrying-Capacity Calculations: Manioc Starch Versus Animal Protein

Village Life in Amazonia: Domestic Social Power

Domestic Residence, Kinship, and Descent in Amazonia

Men and Women in the Mundurucu Village

Domestic Residence and Descent Groups in Amazonia

The Headman and Village Politics: Society Against the State

The Spirit World: Sexual Symbols, Shamans, and Forest Demons

Box: The Basics of Ashaninka Society and Kinship

Box: An Anaconda Myth

Raiding and Feuding in the Tribal World

Box: Mythic Jaguars and Anaconda Rainbows: The Symbolic Structure of Amazonian Cosmology

Yanomami Armed Conflict: Scientific Issues

The Yanomami and the Ethics of Anthropology

Mundurucu Headhunting and Resource Competition

Summary

Study Questions

Suggested Reading

4. African Cattle Peoples: Tribal Pastoralists

Making a Living With Cows

Cattle Herding and Tropical Grasslands

The Prehistory and History of African Pastoralism

Box: Cattle Carrying Capacity

The Cattle Complex: Obsession or Adaptation?

Pastoral Subsistence: Meat, Blood, and Milk

Daily Life in East Africa

Nuer Society: Bride-Wealth, Lovers, and Ghosts

Box: How Do Nuer Men View Women?

Box: Cattle and Maasai Kinship Terminology

The Status of Women in East African Pastoral Society: Ideology vs. Reality

Understanding Nuer Descent Groups

Politics in Headless Societies: Leopard-Skin Chiefs and Stock Associates

Box: Tribal Ethnic Identities: Who Are the Nuer and Maasai?

Bigman Wealth and Power in Herding Societies

Nuer Spirits, Symbolism, and Sacrifice

Box: Turkana Household Symbolism and Cosmology

The Maasai Age-Class System

Box: Maasai Women

Summary

Study Questions

Suggested Reading

5. Body, Mind, and Soul: The Quality of Tribal Life

The Mental Abilities of Tribal Peoples

Collective Representations and Primitive Mentality

Cross-Cultural Intelligence Testing

The Cognitive Abilities of Australian Aborigines

Racism

Facts of Life and the Culture of Race

Family Trees and the Myth of Racial Purity

Box: Human Genetics Glossary

Race, IQ, and Economic Achievement

Language and Culture

Linguistic Relativity and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Color Classifications and Folk Taxonomies

Box: An Aboriginal Color System

Magic, Belief, and the Supernatural

Shamanism and Psychopathology

Aboriginal Voodoo Death and Culture-Bound Syndromes

The Healing Power of Myth and Symbols

Health and Nutrition in Tribal Societies

Myth and Reality of the “Noble Savage”

Box: Health Report on the Waorani

Dental Health and Tribal Diets

Tribal Life Expectancy and Quality of Life

Summary

Study Questions

Suggested Reading

Part Two - The Imperial World: The End of Equality

6. Pacific Islanders: The Ranked Chiefdoms

Oceania: Living in the Island World

Searching for Paradise: From High Islands to Low Coral Atolls

Glottochronology: Word Tracks Across the Pacific

Box: Origin of the Pacific Islanders

Islander Survival Skills: Outrigger Canoes and Navigation

Fishing and Gardening: The Island Technological Base

Box: Taro

Pacific Island Societies: Living with Inequality

Elite-Directed Cultural Transformation in Polynesia

Box: A Matter of Scale: The Political Transformation of Tribes into Chiefdoms

Chiefdoms and the Politicization Process

The Polynesian Chiefdoms: Elementary Aristocracies

Tikopia: A Traditional Small Polynesian Chiefdom

Hawaii: From Kinship to Kingship

High Chiefs, Gods, and Sacrifice

Hawaiian Daily Life: Commoner Men and Women

Two Headed Children and Hawaiian Kinship

Summary

Study Questions

Suggested Reading

7. Ancient Empires in Two Worlds: Mesopotamia and the Andes

Ancient Civilizations and the Triumph of State Power

State Bureaucracy and the Structures of Elite Power

Explaining State Origins: Natural Growth or Quest for Power?

The Mesopotamian World of Two Rivers: Heartland of Cities

Box: Before Civilization: Abu Hureyra, 4,000 Years of Tribal Village Autonomy

Box: The Mesopotamian Elite and the Rewards of Leadership

Making a Living in Mesopotamian City-States and Empires

Barley Rations, Cylinder Seals, and Social Power in Ur III

Box: The Mesopotamian Ration System

Cuneiform Writing, Law, and Justice

Mesopotamian Religion in the Service of the Ruler

The Inca Empire in the Land of Four Quarters

Andean Environment and Prehistory

Box: Before the Inca: Moche and Chimu Lords

Potatoes, Maize, and Gold: Foundations of the Empire

Royal Lineages and Chosen Women

Box: The Quipi: An Andean Information Storage System

Inca Cosmology: The Universe Is Order and Sharing

Huanaco Pampa: An Inca City

Summary

Study Questions

Suggested Reading

8. The Chinese Great Tradition

Chinese Village-State: Mandate of Heaven

The Nature of Early Chinese Civilization

High Shamanism: The Emergence of the Shang Dynasty

Box: The Prehistoric Origins of Chinese Civilization

Shang Society

Box: Early Chinese Scapulimancy

Confucianism and Liturgical Government

Box: The Law and the State

The Li Chi, "Book of Rites"

Taoism and Buddhism

Daily Life in Village China

Farmers of Forty Centuries

Immiseration, Overpopulation, and Exploitation

The Chinese Village System

Village Cosmology and the Little Tradition

Domestic Life and the Role of Women

The House of Lim: Chinese Marriage, Family, and Kinship

Box:The Meaning of Chinese Kinship Terms

Summary

Study Questions

Suggested Reading

9. Great Traditions: Hinduism and Islam in South Asia

The South Asian Culture Area

Languages,Geography, and Prehistory of South Asia

Early Hindu Civilization

Origin of the Hindu Kingdom

Box: Harappan Civilization: The Earliest South Asian State

Kautilya's Hindu Kingdom: An Emic Political Model, 250 BC

Law in the Hindu Kingdom

Power and Scale in the Thai Kingdom and the Mughal Empire

Hindu Ideology, Society, and Culture

Caste and Orthodox Hinduism

Box: The Purusha Myth: A Mythic Charter for Varna and Caste

Food, Eating, and Caste in Hindu Culture

Village Level Caste and Exploitation

Hindu Aesthetics: Divine Image and the Religious Power of Art

Box: Siva Iconography

Comtroversy over the Sacred Cow

Women in South Asia

The Islamic Great Tradition

Women in Islamic Society

Female Seclusion: The Purdah System

Box: The Ramayana: A Hindu Mythic Charter of Feminine Virtue

Bride Burning: Dowry Deaths in Modern Hindu India

Summary

Study Questions

Suggested Reading

10. The Breakdown of States

The Viability of the State

The Concept of Collapse

The Vulner...

Product Description:

Book by BodleyJohn Bodley John

Su questa edizione

• Editore: McGraw-Hill Higher Education
• Data di pubblicazione: 2004
• ISBN 10: 0072997672
• ISBN 13: 9780072997675
• Rilegatura: Copertina flessibile
• Numero edizione: 4
• Numero di pagine: 496