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Part 1 Strategies for Reading and Writing
Chapter 1: The Reading-Writing Connection
Reading Analytically
Step One: Preview the Material
Step Two: Read Thoughtfully
Step Three: Review and Write for Retention
A Sample Marked Text
John Holt“School Is Bad for Children”
Writing in Response to Reading
Writing a Summary
Howard Rohan “What John Holt Finds Wrong with Schools”
Sharing Personal Reactions and Associations
Susan Schantz “School Was Bad for Me”
Evaluating an Author’s Ideas
Essays for Reading and Response
Amy Tan“Democracy”
Bill McKibben “The Environmental Issue from Hell”
Analyzing Visual Content
Analyzing Advertisements
Analyzing Photographs
Analyzing Charts and Graphs
Chapter 2Getting Started
The Writing Process
Six Areas of the Writing Process
Choosing a Writing Topic
Pay Attention to the World around You
Freewrite
Fill in the Blanks
Narrow a Broad Topic
Freewrite
Write a List
Consider the Patterns of Development
Map Your Broad Topic
Anthony’s Essay in Progress: Discovering a Writing Topic
Establishing Your Purpose
Identifying and Assessing Your Audience
Anthony’s Essay in Progress: Establishing Purpose and Identifyingand Assessing Audience
Discovering Ideas to Develop Your Topic
Freewrite
Write a List
Answer Questions
Write a Map
Write a Letter
Investigate Sources
Keep a Journal
Working Collaboratively: Discovering Ideas
Prewriting at the Computer
Process Guidelines: Breaking Through Writer’s Block
Developing a Preliminary Thesis
The Qualities of an Effective Thesis
Process Guidelines: How to Draft Your Preliminary Thesis
Process Guidelines: The Sequence of Your Writing Process
Anthony’s Essay in Progress: Discovering Ideas and Developinga Preliminary Thesis
Writing Assignment
Chapter 3Organizing and Drafting
Process Guidelines: Evaluating Your Ideas
Ordering Your Ideas
Chronological Order
Spatial Order
Progressive Order
Outlining
The Formal Outline
Outline Cards
The Outline Worksheet
The Outline Tree
The Scratch Outline
Process Guidelines: Outlining
Anthony’s Essay in Progress: Outlining
Writing Your First Draft
Structuring Your Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student Essay
Marcie Katz Banning Alcohol on College Campuses
The Introduction
Process Guidelines: Drafting Introductions
Body Paragraphs
Qualities of an Effective Topic Sentence
Placement of the Topic Sentence
The Implied Topic Sentence
Qualities of an Effective Supporting Details
When to Begin a New Paragraph
Process Guidelines: Drafting Body Paragraphs
The Conclusion
Process Guidelines: Drafting Conclusions
Drafting the Title of Your Essay
Anthony’s Essay in Progress: The First Draft
Writing Assignment
Chapter 4Revising for Content and Organization
Process Guidelines: Preparing to Revise
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: Revising Content
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: Revising Organization
Achieving Coherence
Use Transitions to Achieve Coherence
Use Repetition to Achieve Coherence
Use Transitions and Repetition to Achieve Coherencebetween Paragraphs
Working Collaboratively: Revising with Reader Response
Process Guidelines: Revising with Reader Response
Process Guidelines: Breaking through Writer’s Block
Revising at the Computer
Anthony’s Essay in Progress: Revising the First Draft
Chapter 5Revising for Effective Expression
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: Revising Sentences
Use Active Voice
Use Coordination
Use Subordination
Achieve Sentence Variety
Use Parallel Structure
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: Revising Diction
Use an Appropriate Level of Diction
Use Words with an Appropriate Connotation
Avoid Colloquial Language
Use Specific Diction
Use Simple Diction
Use Gender-Neutral, Inoffensive Language
Eliminate Wordiness
Avoid Clichés
Process Guidelines: Revising Sentences and WordsComputer Tips for Revising Sentences and Words
Anthony’s Essay in Progress: The Final Draft
Part 2Patterns of Development
Chapter 6Description
Why Is Description Important?
Occasions for Writing: Description across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Description with Other Patterns
Selecting Detail
Focus Your Description with a Dominant Impression
Determine Your Need for Objective and Subjective Description
Use Concrete Sensory Detail
Use Similes, Metaphors, and Personification
Consider Your Purpose and Audience
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing Description
Visualizing a Descriptive Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays
Adell Lindsey“A Day at the Fair”
Jerry Silberman“My First Flight”
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays
James Tuite“The Sounds of the City”
Lynn Sherr“Anguished Cries in a Place of Silence”
Combining Patterns of Development
Suzanne Berne“Where Nothing Says Everything”
Organization Note: Short Paragraphs
Description in an Image
Suggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines: Writing Description
Chapter 7Narration
Why Is Narration Important?
Occasions for Writing: Narration across the Disciplines and Beyoe
Combining Narration with Other Patterns
Selecting Detail
Answer the Journalist’s Questions
Write Dialogue
Describe a Person, Place, or Scene
Tell Your Story for a Reason
Consider Your Purpose and Audience
Be a Responsible Writer
Using Sources for a Purpose
Organizing Narration
Visualizing a Narrative Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays
Donald J. Monaco“The Ball Game”
Brian DeWolf “The Great Buffalo Hunt”
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays
Paul Hemphill“The Girl in Gift Wrap”
Maya Angelou“The Boys”
Combining Patterns of Development
Anwar Accawi “The Telephone”
Punctuation Note: Parentheses
Narration in an Image
Suggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines: Writing Narration
Chapter 8Exemplification
Why Is Exemplification Important?
Occasions for Writing: Exemplification across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Exemplification with Other Patterns
Selecting Detail
Consider Examples from a Variety of Sources
Use Description and Narration as Examples
Use Hypothetical Examples
Use the Right Number of Examples
Consider Your Purpose and Audience
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing Exemplification
Visualizing an Exemplification Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays
Delilah Rawlins“Ocean of Tears”
Ken Hamner “Let’s Just Ban Everything”
Student Essay with Research
Thomas Baird“Media Stereotyping of Muslims as Terrorists”
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays
Harold Krents“Darkness at Noon”
Dawn Turner Trice“Shoddy Service”
Combining Patterns of Development
Harvey A. Silverglate and Greg Lukianoff“Speech Codes:Alive and Well at Colleges”
Style Note: Sarcasm
Exemplification in anl Image
Suggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines: Writing Exemplification
Chapter 9Process Analysis
Why Is Process Analysis Important?
Occasions for Writing: Process Analysis across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Process Analysis with Other Patterns
Selecting Detail
Include All the Important Steps
Explain How a Step is Performed
Explain the Significance of a Step or Why It Is Performed
Explain Trouble Spots and What Not to Do
Mention Necessary Items and Define Unfamiliar Terms
Include Examples and Description
Use Visuals
Consider Your Purpose and Audience
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing a Process Analysis
Visualizing a Process Analysis Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays
“A Visit to Candyland”
Anthony Bello “Feng Shui in the Bedroom and Workplace”
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays
Kirby W. Stanat“How to Take a Job Interview”
Ben McGrath“Wicked Wind”
Combining Patterns of Development
Eric L. Wee“Annie Smith Swept Here”
Sthle Note: Point of View
Process Analysis in an Image
Suggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines: Writing Process Analysis
Chapter 10Comparison-Contrast
Why Is Comparison-Contrast Important?
Occasions for Writing: Comparison-Contrast across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Comparison-Contrast with Other Patterns
Selecting Detail
Include Enough Points of Comparison and Contrast
Draw on Other Patterns to Explain Points of Comparison and Contrast
Maintain Balance between the Points Discussed
Consider Your Audience and Purpose
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing Comparison-Contrast
Visualizing a Comparison-Contrast Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays
Gus Spirtos “The Human and the Superhuman: Two VeryDifferent Heroes”
Maria Scarsella “Like Mother like Daughter”
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays
Rachel Carson“A Fable for Tomorrow”
Suzanne Britt“That Lean and Hungry Look”
Combining Patterns of Development
James Poniewozik“This Is Your Nation on Steroids”
Development Note: Dialogue
Comparison-Contrast in anImage
Sugges tions for Writing
Process Guidelines: Writing Comparison-Contrast
Chapter 11Cause-and-Effect Analysis
Why Is Cause-and-Effect Analysis Important?
Occasions for Writing: Cause-and-Effect Analysis across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Cause-and-Effect Analysis with Other Patterns
Selecting Detail
Report Multiple Causes and Effects
Identify Underlying Causes and Effects
Prove That Something Is a Cause or Effect
Identify Immediate and Remote Causes
Reproduce Causal Chains
Explain Why Something Is or Is Not a Cause or an Effect
Consider Your Audience and Purpose
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing Cause-and-Effect Analysis
Visualizing Cause-and-Effect Analysis
Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays
Cammie Bullock “Mom, There’s a Coyote in the Backyard!”
John Selzer “Athletes on Drugs: It’s Not So Hard to Understand”
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays
Anne Roiphe“Why Marriages Fail”
Suzanne Sievert“It’s Not Just How We Play That Matters”
Combining Patterns of Development
Jay Walljasper“Our Schedules, Ourselves”
Diction Note: Specific Diction
Cause-and-Effect Analysis in an Image
Suggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines: Writing Cause-and-Effect Analysis
Chapter 12Definition
Why Is Definition Important?
Occasions for Writing: Definition across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Definition with Other Patterns
Selecting Detail
Write a Stipulative Definition
Draw on Other Patterns of Development
Compare or Contrast the Term with Related Words
Explain What Your Term Is Not
Consider Your Audience and Purpose
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing Definition
Visualizing a Definition Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays
Maria Lopez “Parenthood: Don’t Count on Sleeping until They Move Out”
Melissa Greco “What Is Writer’s Block”
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays
Nicholas Thompson “Hero Inflation”
Margo Kaufman“My Way!”
Combining Patterns of Development
Dave Barry“The Pajama Game”
Development Note: Questions
Definition in an Image
Suggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines for Writing Definition
Chapter 13Classification and Division
Why Are Classification and Division Important?
Occasions for Writing: Definition across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Classification and Division with Other Patterns
Selecting Detail
Have a Principle of Classification or Division
Be Sure All Categories or Components Conform to Your Principle of Classification or Division
Use Mutually Exclusive Categories
Explain Each Category or Component
Consider Your Audience and Purpose
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing Classification and Division
Visualizing Classification and Division
Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays
Anita Selfe “Grocery Shoppers”
Ray Harkleroad “Horror Movies”
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays
Russell Baker“The Plot Against People”
Judith Viorst“The Truth about Lying”
Kesaya E. Noda“Growing Up Asian in America”
Combining Patterns of Development
Martin Luther King, Jr.“The Ways of Meeting Oppression”
Punctuation Note: The Dash
Division in an Image
Suggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines: Writing Classification and Division
Chapter 14Combining Patterns of Development
Why Is Combining Patterns Important?
Occasions for Writing: Combining Patterns across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Classification and Division with Other Patterns
Selecting and Organizing Detail
Learning from Another Writer: A Student Essay
Cindy Apostolos “The Many Ways to Watch a Show”
Learning from Other Writers: Professional Essays
Julia Alvarez“Hold the Mayonnaise”
Angie Cannon and Vince Beiser“Juvenile Injustice”
Peg Tyre“Boy Brains, Girl Brains”
Development Note: Quoting Authorities
Combining Patterns in an Image
Suggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines: Combining Patterns
Part ThreeUsing the Patterns of Development
Chapter 15 Argumentation
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