Surface and Underground Excavations: Methods, Techniques and Equipment - Rilegato

Tatiya, Ratan Raj

9780415621199: Surface and Underground Excavations: Methods, Techniques and Equipment

Rilegato

ISBN 10: 0415621194 ISBN 13: 9780415621199

Casa editrice: CRC Press, 2013

Surface and Underground Excavations – Methods, Techniques and Equipment (2nd edition) covers the latest technologies and developments in the excavation arena at any locale: surface or underground. In the first few chapters, unit operations are discussed and subsequently, excavation techniques are described for various operations: tunnelling, drifting, raising, sinking, stoping, quarrying, surface mining, liquidation and mass blasting as well as construction of large subsurface excavations such as caverns and underground chambers. The design, planning and development of excavations are treated in a separate chapter. Especially featured are methodologies to select stoping methods through incremental analysis.

Furthermore, this edition encompasses comprehensive sections on mining at ‘ultra depths’, mining difficult deposits using non-conventional technologies, mineral inventory evaluation (ore – reserves estimation) and mine closure. Concerns over Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), environment and loss prevention, and sustainable development are also addressed in advocating a solution to succeed within a scenario of global competition and recession.

This expanded second edition has been wholly revised, brought fully up-to-date and includes (wherever feasible) the latest trends and best practices, case studies, global surveys and toolkits as well as questions at the end of each chapter. This volume will now be even more appealing to students in earth sciences, geology, and in civil, mining and construction engineering, to practicing engineers and professionals in these disciplines as well as to all with a general or professional interest in surface and underground excavations.

Le informazioni nella sezione "Riassunto" possono far riferimento a edizioni diverse di questo titolo.

L'autore:

Dr. Ratan Tatiya is a consultant in the areas of excavation, construction, mining and allied disciplines and in a career spanning more than 42 years he has held senior positions in the industry, as a professor, researcher and consultant and has worked with multinationals from more than 40 countries. His industrial background has led to this book being industrially relevant and his academic background has ensured that the fundamentals and basics required to help readers have been included.

Contenuti:

1 Introduction
1.1 Excavations and their classification
1.2 Surface excavations
1.3 Underground excavations
1.4 Importance of minerals and brief history of their recovery
1.5 Current status of mineral industry
1.6 Excavation technologies/systems – development & growth
1.7 Unique features of mineral industry
1.7.1 Different phases of mine life
1.8 Brief history of civil work excavations including tunneling
1.9 The current scenario
1.9.1 Population growth
1.9.2 Lifestyle
1.9.3 Globalization
1.9.4 Buyer’s market
1.9.5 Technological developments and renovations
1.9.6 Information technology (IT) and its impacts
1.10 Tomorrow’s mine & civil excavations
1.11 The way forward
Questions
References

2 Rocks, minerals and mineral inventory evaluation
2.1 Formation process and classification
2.1.1 Igneous rocks
2.1.2 Sedimentary rocks
2.1.3 Metamorphic rocks
2.2 Rock cycle & type of deposits
2.3 Texture, grain size and shape
2.3.1 Grain sizes and shapes
2.3.2 Durability, plasticity and swelling potential of rocks
2.4 The concepts of mineral resources and reserves; mineral inventory, cutoff grade and ores
2.4.1 Some important ores – chemical & mineralogical composition
2.5 Geological structures
2.5.1 Geometry of a deposit
2.5.2 Forms of deposits
2.5.3 Structural features of rock mass
2.6 Physical and mechanical characteristics of ores and rocks
2.6.1 Rocks as rock mechanics
2.6.2 Rock composition
2.6.3 Rock strength
2.7 Some other properties/characteristics
2.7.1 Hardness of minerals
2.7.2 Rock breakability
2.8 Related terms – rock and mineral deposits
2.9 Mineral inventory evaluation
2.9.1 Introduction
2.9.2 Grade computation from borehole data
2.9.3 Mineral inventory modelling/estimation techniques
2.9.3.1 Method of polygons
2.9.3.2 Triangle or triangular prism method
2.9.3.3 Cross-sectional method
2.9.3.4 Inverse Square Distance Weighting (IDW) method
2.9.3.5 Classical statistics
2.9.3.6 Geostatistics
2.9.3.7 Non-linear estimation techniques in geostatistics
2.9.4 Important considerations for evaluation of the mineral inventory
2.9.4.1 Homogeneity and mode of origin
2.9.4.2 Geological and mineralogical boundaries
2.9.5 Computation of the mineral inventory
2.9.5.1 Logical steps followed
2.9.5.2 Graphical presentation of data
2.9.5.3 Statistical analysis and cumulative probability distribution
2.9.5.4 Structural analysis – the semi-variogram
2.9.5.5 Trend surface analysis
2.9.5.6 Checking the variogram model
2.9.5.7 Block kriging
2.9.5.8 Block dimensions
2.9.5.9 Kriging procedure
2.9.6 Graphical presentation of the kriged results
2.9.7 Grade-tonnage calculation and plotting the curves
2.9.8 Selection of a suitable mining/stoping method
2.10 Resources classification by UNECE
2.11 The way forward
Questions
References

3 Prospecting, exploration & site investigations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Prospecting and exploration
3.2.1 Finding signs of the mineral in the locality or general indications
3.2.1.1 Geological studies
3.2.1.2 Geo-chemical studies
3.2.2 Finding the deposit or preliminary proving
3.2.2.1 Geophysical methods/studies/surveys
3.2.2.2 Putting exploratory headings
3.2.3 Exploring the deposits or detailed proving – prospecting drilling
3.3 Phases of prospecting and exploration program
3.4 Site investigations for civil constructions, or any excavation project including tunnels and caverns
3.5 Rocks and ground characterization
3.5.1 Rock strength classification
3.5.2 Rock mass classifications
3.6 Rock quality designation (RQD)
3.6.1 Q (Rock mass quality) system
3.6.2 Geomechanics classification (RMR system)
3.6.3 Rock structure rating (RSR)
3.7 Geological and geotechnical factors
3.8 The way forward
Questions
References

4 Drilling
4.1 Introduction – unit operations
4.2 Primary rock breaking
4.3 Drilling
4.4 Operating components of the drilling system
4.5 Mechanics of rock penetration
4.5.1 Top-hammer drilling
4.5.2 Down-the-hole (DTH) drilling
4.5.3 Rotary drilling
4.5.4 Augur drill
4.5.5 Rotary abrasive drilling
4.6 Rock drill classification
4.6.1 Tunneling/development drill jumbos
4.6.2 Shaft jumbos
4.6.3 Ring drilling jumbos
4.6.4 Fan drilling jumbos
4.6.5 Wagon drill jumbos
4.6.6 DTH drill jumbos
4.6.7 Roof bolting jumbos
4.7 Motive power of rock drills
4.7.1 Electric drills
4.7.2 Pneumatic drills
4.7.3 Hydraulic drills
4.8 Drilling accessories
4.8.1 Extension drill steels
4.8.2 Bits
4.8.3 Impact of rock-type on drilling performance
4.9 Selection of drill
4.10 Summary – rocks drill applications
4.11 Drilling postures
4.12 The way forward
Questions
References

5 Explosives and blasting
5.1 Introduction – explosives
5.2 Detonation and deflagration
5.3 Common ingredients of explosives
5.4 Classification of explosives
5.4.1 Primary or initiating explosives
5.4.2 Secondary explosives
5.4.3 Pyrotechnic explosives
5.4.4 Low explosives
5.4.5 Commercial explosives – high explosives
5.4.5.1 Gelatin explosives
5.4.5.1.1 Dynamites (straight dynamite, ammonia dynamite)
5.4.5.1.2 Blasting gelatin
5.4.5.1.3 Semi gelatin
5.4.5.2 Wet blasting agents
5.4.5.2.1 Slurry explosives
5.4.5.2.2 Emulsions
5.4.5.2.3 Heavy ANFO
5.4.5.3 Dry blasting agents
5.4.5.3.1 Explosive ANFO
5.4.5.3.2 ANFO mixing
5.4.5.3.3 ANFO loading
5.4.5.4 Pneumatic loaders and principles of loading
5.4.5.4.1 Pressure type loaders
5.4.5.4.2 Ejector type loader
5.4.5.4.3 Combine type (combining pressure and ejecting features)
5.4.5.5 Safety aspects
5.4.5.6 Static hazards associated with ANFO loading
5.4.5.7 Special types of explosives
5.4.5.7.1 Permitted explosives
5.4.5.7.2 Seismic explosives
5.4.5.7.3 Overbreak control explosives
5.4.6 Military explosives
5.5 Blasting properties of explosives
5.5.1 Strength
5.5.2 Detonation velocity
5.5.3 Density
5.5.4 Water resistance
5.5.5 Fume characteristics, or class, or medical aspects
5.5.6 Oxygen balance
5.5.7 Completion of reaction
5.5.8 Detonation pressure
5.5.9 Borehole pressure and critical diameter
5.5.10 Sensitivity
5.5.11 Safety in handling & storage qualities
5.5.12 Explosive cost
5.6 Explosive initiating devices/systems
5.6.1 Detonator system
5.6.1.1 Detonators
5.6.1.2 Instantaneous detonators
5.6.1.2.1 Plain detonator
5.6.1.2.2 Instantaneous electric detonators
5.6.1.3 Delay detonators
5.6.1.3.1 Electric delay detonators
5.6.1.3.2 Electronic delay detonators
5.6.1.3.3 Non-electric delay detonators: detonating relays (ms connectors)
5.6.1.3.4 Primadet and anodet non-electric delay blasting systems
5.6.1.3.5 The nonel system
5.6.1.3.6 Combine primadet-nonel system
5.6.1.3.7 The hercudet blasting cap system
5.6.1.3.8 Advantages of short delay blasting
5.6.2 Fuse/cord system
5.6.2.1 Safety fuse
5.6.2.2 Detonating fuse/cord (DC)
5.6.2.3 Igniter cords (IC)
5.7 Explosive charging techniques
5.7.1 Water gel (slurry loader)
5.8 Blasting accessories
5.8.1 Exploders
5.8.2 Circuit testers
5.8.3 Other blasting tools
5.9 Firing systems – classification
5.9.1 While firing with a safety fuse
5.9.2 Firing with electric detonators
5.9.3 Non-electric systems
5.10 Ground blasting techniques
5.10.1 Control/contour blasting
5.10.1.1 Pre-splitting
5.10.1.2 Cushion blasting
5.10.1.3 Smooth blasting & buffer blasting
5.10.1.4 Line drilling
5.11 Secondary breaking
5.11.1 Secondary rock breaking methods
5.11.1.1 With the aid of explosives
5.11.1.1.1 Plaster shooting
5.11.1.1.2 Pop shooting
5.11.1.1.3 Releasing jammed muck from the draw points
5.11.2Without aid of explosives
5.11.2.1 Mechanical rock breaking
5.11.2.1.1 Manual breaking
5.11.2.1.2 Mechanical rock breakers
5.11.2.1.3 Hydraulic rock breakers
5.11.2.1.4 Teledyne rock breaker
5.11.2.2 Electrical rock breaking
5.11.2.2.1 Rock breaking by the use of high frequency current
5.11.2.3 Hydraulic boulder splitter
5.12 Use, handling, transportation and storage of explosives
5.12.1 Magazine
5.13 Explosive selection
5.14 Blasting theory
5.14.1 Adverse impacts of explosives
5.14.1.1 Ground/land vibrations
5.14.1.2 Air blast and noise
5.14.1.3 Rock throw
5.15 Drilling and blasting performance
5.15.1 Percentages pull
5.15.2 Over-break factor
5.15.3 Degree of fragmentation
5.15.4 Overall cost
5.16 Recent trends in explosives and blasting technology
5.17 Concluding remarks
Questions
References

6 Mucking, casting and excavation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Muck characteristics
6.3 Classification
6.4 Underground mucking units
6.4.1 Overshot loaders
6.4.2 Autoloaders – hopper loaders and LHDs
6.4.2.1 Autoloaders – mucking and delivering
6.4.2.2 Mucking and transporting – load haul and dump units (LHDs)
6.4.2.2.1 Constructional details
6.4.2.2.2 Special provisions
6.4.2.2.3 Buckets of LHD and other dimensions
6.4.2.2.4 LHD tyres
6.4.2.2.5 Distance, gradient and speed
6.4.2.2.6 Ventilation
6.4.2.2.7 Latest developments
6.4.2.3 Desirable features
6.4.2.3.1 Perfect layout
6.4.2.3.2 Suitable drainage and road maintenance
6.4.2.3.3 Well-fragmented muck
6.4.2.3.4 Maintenance
6.4.2.3.5 Trained personnel
6.4.2.4 Advantages
6.4.2.5 Limitations
6.4.2.6 Manufacturers
6.5 Arm loaders
6.5.1 Gathering-arm-loader (GAL)
6.5.2 Arm loaders for sinking operations
6.5.3 Riddle mucker
6.5.4 Cryderman mucker
6.5.5 Cactus-grab muckers
6.5.6 Backhoe mucker
6.6 Scrapers
6.7 Mucking in tunnels
6.7.1 Dipper and hydraulic shovels
6.7.2 Mucking in TBM driven tunnels
6.8 Surface – excavation, loading and casting units
6.9 Wheel loaders – front end loaders
6.10 Backhoe
6.11 Hydraulic excavators
6.12 Shovel
6.13 Dragline
6.13.1 Multi bucket excavators
6.14 Bucket chain excavator (BCE)
6.15 Bucket wheel excavator (BWE)
6.16 Calculations for selection of shovel/excavator
6.17 Total cost calculations
6.18 Governing factors for the selection of mucking equipment
6.19 The way forward
Questions
References

7 Transportation – haulage and hoisting
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Haulage system
7.2.1 Rail or track mounted – rope haulage
7.2.1.1 Rope haulage calculations
7.2.1.1.1 Direct rope haulage system
7.2.1.1.2 Endless rope haulage system
7.2.1.2 Scope and applications of rope haulage
7.2.2 Locomotive haulage
7.2.2.1 Electric locomotives
7.2.2.2 Battery locomotives
7.2.2.3 Combination locomotives
7.2.2.4 Diesel locomotives
7.2.2.5 Compressed air locomotives
7.2.2.6 Other fittings
7.2.2.7 Locomotive calculations
7.3 Trackless or tyred haulage system
7.3.1 Automobiles
7.3.2 LHD
7.3.3 Shuttle car
7.3.4 Underground trucks
7.3.4.1 Trackless or tyred haulage system
7.4 Conveyor system
7.4.1 Belt conveyors
7.4.1.1 Conveyor calculations
7.4.2 Cable belt conveyors
7.4.3 Scraper chain conveyors
7.5 Hoisting or winding system
7.5.1 Head-frame or head-gear
7.5.2 Shaft conveyances
7.5.3 Rope equipment
7.5.4 Classification of hoisting system
7.5.4.1 Multi-rope friction winding system
7.5.5 Hoisting cycle
7.5.6 Calculations of suspended load during hoisting
7.5.7 Use of safety devices with a hoisting system
7.6 Aerial ropeway
7.6.1 Aerial ropeway calculations
7.7 Ropes
7.7.1 Rope calculations
7.8 Track and mine car
7.8.1 Track
7.8.2 Mine cars
7.9 The way forward
Questions
References

8 Supports
8.1 Introduction – necessity of supports
8.2 Classification of supports
8.3 Self support by in-place (in-situ) rock
8.3.1 Support by the use of natural pillars
8.3.2 Use of artificial supports
8.3.2.1 Brick and stone masonry
8.3.2.2 Wooden (timber) supports
8.3.2.2.1 Calculations with regard to wooden supports
8.3.2.3 Steel supports
8.3.2.3.1 Steel props, powered and shield supports
8.3.2.3.2 Rock bolting
8.3.2.4 Concrete supports
8.3.2.5 Support by filling
8.4 Selection of support
8.4.1 Measures to preserve the stability of the stoped out workings or to minimize problems of ground stability
8.5 Effect of ore extraction upon displacement of country rock and surface
8.6 The way forward
Questions
References

9 Drives and tunnels (conventional methods)
9.1 Introduction – function of drives and tunnels
9.2 Drivage techniques (for drives and tunnels)
9.3 Drivage techniques with the aid of explosives
9.3.1 Pattern of holes
9.3.1.1 Mechanized-cut kerf
9.3.1.2 Blasting off the solid
9.3.1.2.1 Parallel hole cuts
9.3.1.2.2 Verification of pattern of holes
9.3.2 Charging and blasting the rounds
9.3.2.1 Placement of primer
9.3.2.2 Stemming
9.3.2.3 Depth of round/hole
9.3.2.4 Charge density in cut-holes and rest of the face area
9.3.3 Smooth blasting
9.3.3.1 Charging and blasting procedure
9.3.3.2 Use of ANFO in drives and tunnels
9.4 Muck disposal and handling (mucking and transportation)
9.5 Ventilation
9.5.1 Mine opening ventilation
9.5.1.1 Using general air flow
9.5.1.2 Using auxiliary fans: forcing, exhaust or contra rotating
9.5.2 Ventilation during civil tunneling
9.6 Working cycle (including auxiliary operations)
9.7 Driving large sized drives/tunnels in tough rocks
9.7.1 Full-face driving/tunneling
9.7.2 Pilot heading technique
9.7.3 Heading and bench method
9.8 Conventional tunneling methods: tunneling through the soft ground and soft rocks
9.9 Supports for tunnels and mine openings
9.9.1 Classification
9.9.2 Selection of supports
9.10 Driving without aid of explosives
9.11 Pre-cursor or prior to driving civil tunnels
9.11.1 Site investigations
9.11.2 Location of tunnels
9.11.3 Rocks and ground characterization
9.11.4 Size, shape, length and orientation (route) of tunnels
9.11.5 Preparatory work required
9.12 Past, present and future of tunneling technology
9.13 Over-break and scaling – some innovations
9.14 Longer rounds – some trials
9.15 The way forward
Questions
References