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"Beautiful illustrations. Clinically orientated - lots of surface anatomy, lots of clinical cases, and well explained and annotated radiology cases as well! The excellent short chapter on imaging in the introduction is also very helpful and useful. This book is a really helpful resource for any medical student." BMA Book Awards 2009 - judges comments
"I particularly like the diagrams, which are clearly labelled, not cluttered, and helpfully coloured...this textbook is great. It is well-tailored to students, providing the anatomy information that we need to know. It gets a big 'thumbs up'" - Medical Student, University of Oxford (review of previous edition) "...explains anatomy in a way that is easy to understand, but also puts the text in a clinical context along the way.The Interactive Surface Anatomy is very useful and well made - a great example of how Student Consult can provide teaching tools that simplifies complex subjects in a way no book can." - Medical Student, University of Copenhagen(review of previous edition)
"This second edition of the hugely popular Gray's Anatomy is an indisputable reference tool for the detailed study of human anatomy; suitable, due to its clinical orientation, for both students and all health professionals. The authors come from a strong and diverse range of teaching and clinical backgrounds and have collaborated to update and revise this new edition in order to meet the demands of the modern anatomy course more effectively. Their concern is to make the information accessible, easy to master and, above all, reliable - and to produce an up-to-date book on anatomy that is simple, easy to understand and enjoyable to read."
ReeDOC, July 2011
1 The body
What is anatomy? 4
How can gross anatomy be studied? 4
Important anatomical terms 4
Imaging 7
Diagnostic imaging techniques 7
Nuclear medicine imaging 10
Image interpretation 11
Plain radiography 12
Computed tomography 12
Magnetic resonance imaging 13
Nuclear medicine imaging 13
Safety in imaging 13
Body systems 14
Skeletal system 14
Cartilage 14
Bone 15
Joints 20
Skin and fascias 26
Skin 26
Fascia 26
Muscular system 27
Cardiovascular system 29
Lymphatic system 31
Lymphatic vessels 31
Lymph nodes 32
Lymphatic trunks and ducts 32
Nervous system 34
Central nervous system 34
Functional subdivisions of the CNS 34
Somatic part of the nervous system 35
Visceral part of the nervous system 41
Other systems 52
Clinical cases 53
2 Back
Conceptual overview 56
General description 56
Functions 57
Support 57
Movement 57
Protection of the nervous system 58
Component parts 58
Bones 58
Muscles 60
Vertebral canal 62
Spinal nerves 63
Relationship to other regions 64
Head 64
Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis 65
Limbs 65
Key features 65
Long vertebral column and short spinal cord 65
Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves 66
Innervation of the back 66
Regional anatomy 67
Skeletal framework 67
Vertebrae 67
Intervertebral foramina 75
Posterior spaces between vertebral arches 75
Joints 79
Joints between vertebrae in the back 79
Ligaments 82
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments 82
Ligamenta flava 82
Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum
nuchae 83
Interspinous ligaments 84
Back musculature 86
Superficial group of back muscles 86
Intermediate group of back muscles 92
Deep group of back muscles 93
Suboccipital muscles 99
Spinal cord 101
Vasculature 102
Meninges 104
Arrangement of structures in the vertebral
canal 106
Spinal nerves 107
Surface anatomy 112
Back surface anatomy 112
Absence of lateral curvatures 112
Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittal
plane 112
Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks 112
How to identify specific vertebral spinous
processes 114
Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord and
subarachnoid space 115
Identifying major muscles 116
Clinical cases 118
3 Thorax
Conceptual overview 124
General description 124
Functions 125
Breathing 125
Protection of vital organs 125
Conduit 125
Component parts 125
Thoracic wall 125
Superior thoracic aperture 126
Inferior thoracic aperture 126
Diaphragm 127
Mediastinum 128
Pleural cavities 128
Relationship to other regions 129
Neck 129
Upper limb 130
Abdomen 130
Breast 130
Key features 130
Vertebral level TIV/V 130
Venous shunts from left to right 132
Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic
wall 132
Sympathetic system 134
Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture 134
Innervation of the diaphragm 134
Regional anatomy 137
Pectoral region 137
Breast 137
Muscles of the pectoral region 139
Thoracic wall 141
Skeletal framework 141
Intercostal spaces 147
Diaphragm 156
Venous drainage 158
Innervation 158
Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm
during breathing 158
Pleural cavities 159
Pleura 159
Lungs 163
Mediastinum 176
Middle mediastinum 177
Superior mediastinum 204
Posterior mediastinum 215
Anterior mediastinum 223
Surface anatomy 224
Thorax surface anatomy 224
How to count ribs 224
Surface anatomy of the breast in women 225
Visualizing structures at the TIV/V vertebral
level 226
Visualizing structures in the superior
mediastinum 227
Visualizing the margins of the heart 227
Where to listen for heart sounds 228
Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs, pleural
recesses, and lung lobes and fissures 228
Where to listen for lung sounds 229
Clinical cases 233
44 Abdomen
Conceptual overview 246
General description 246
Functions 247
Houses and protects major viscera 247
Breathing 249
Changes in intra-abdominal pressure 249
Component parts 250
Wall 250
Abdominal cavity 251
Inferior thoracic aperture 253
Diaphragm 253
Pelvic inlet 254
Relationship to other regions 254
Thorax 254
Pelvis 254
Lower limb 255
Key features 256
Arrangement of abdominal viscera in the
adult 256
Skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral
abdominal wall and thoracic intercostal
nerves 259
The groin is a weak area in the anterior abdominal
wall 260
Verterbral Level L1 262
The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives are
supplied by three major arteries 262
Venous shunts from left to right 264
All venous drainage from the gastrointestinal
system passes through the liver 265
Abdominal viscera are supplied by a large
prevertebral plexus 266
Regional anatomy 268
Surface topography 268
Four-quadrant pattern 268
Nine-region pattern 269
Abdominal wall 270
Superficial fascia 270
Anterolateral muscles 272
Extraperitoneal fascia 278
Peritoneum 279
Innervation 279
Arterial supply and venous drainage 280
Lymphatic drainage 282
Groin 282
Inguinal canal 284
Inguinal hernias 288
Abdominal viscera 292
Peritoneum 292
Peritoneal cavity 293
Organs 297
Arterial supply 327
Venous drainage 337
Lymphatics 341
Innervation 341
Posterior abdominal region 348
Posterior abdominal wall 349
Viscera 355
Vasculature 366
Lymphatic system 372
Nervous system in the posterior abdominal
region 374
Sympathetic trunks and splanchnic nerves 374
Surface anatomy 382
Abdomen surface anatomy 382
Defining the surface projection of the
abdomen 383
How to find the superficial inguinal ring 384
How to determine lumbar vertebral levels 385
Visualizing structures at the L1 vertebral
level 386
Visualizing the position of major blood
vessels 387
Using abdominal quadrants to locate major
viscera 388
Defining surface regions to which pain from the gut
is referred 389
Where to find the kidneys 390
Where to find the spleen 390
Clinical cases 391
5 Pelvis and perineum
Conceptual overview 406
General description 406
Functions 406
Contain and support bladder, rectum, anal canal,
and reproductive tracts 406
Anchors the roots of the external genitalia 408
Component parts 408
Pelvic inlet 408
Pelvic walls 409
Pelvic outlet 409
Pelvic floor 411
Pelvic cavity 411
Perineum 412
Relationship to other regions 414
Abdomen 414
Lower limb 414
Key features 415
The pelvic cavity projects posteriorly 415
Important structures cross the ureters in the pelvic
cavity 415
The prostate is anterior to rectum 417
The perineum is innervated by sacral spinal cord
segments 417
Nerves are related to bone 418
Parasympathetic innervation from spinal cord levels
S2 to S4 controls erection 418
Muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor and perineum
intersect at the perineal body 419
Gender determines the course of the urethra 419
Regional anatomy 421
Pelvis 421
Bones 421
Joints 426
Orientation 428
Gender differences 428
True pelvis 429
Vicera 438
Fascia 458
Peritoneum 460
Nerves 462
Blood vessels 471
Lymphatics 477
Perineum 478
Borders and ceiling 478
Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses 480
Anal triangle 480
Urogenital triangle 483
Somatic nerves 490
Visceral nerves 492
Blood vessels 492
Veins 494
Lymphatics 496
Surface anatomy 497
Surface anatomy of the pelvis and perineum 497
Orientation of the pelvis and perineum in the
anatomical position 497
How to define the margins of the perineum 497
Identification of structures in the anal triangle 499
Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle
of women 500
Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle
of men 501
Clinical cases 504
6 Lower limb
Conceptual overview 512
General introduction 512
Function 513
Support the body weight 513
Locomotion 515
Component parts 517
Bones and joints 517
Muscles 518
Relationship to other regions 520
Abdomen 520
Pelvis 521
Perineum 521
Key points 521
Innervation is by lumbar and sacral spinal
nerves 521
Nerves related to bone 525
Superficial veins 525
Regional anatomy 526
Bony pelvis 526
Proximal femur 529
Hip joint 532
Gateways to the lower limb 535
Nerves 537
Arteries 540
Veins 542
Lymphatics 542
Deep fascia and the saphenous opening 544
Femoral triangle 545
Gluteal region 547
Muscles 548
Nerves 551
Arteries 554
Veins 554
Ly...
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