With increasing interest in mediation at both the domestic and international levels, considerable descriptive and prescriptive work has emerged. Few scholars, however, have attempted to critically evaluate the role mediators play in managing international conflicts. Thomas Princen does this by examining where mediation fits into the larger realm of diplomatic practice. Moreover, he goes beyond the usual state-centric focus to account for the mediating activities of a wide range of actors - from superpowers to small states, from international organizations to nongovernmental groups. A major theoretical finding is that the effect of intervention depends critically on the bargaining relationship the mediator has with the disputants. Somewhat paradoxically, those mediators with "bargaining power" are not always the most effective. In fact, the very "powerlessness" of some mediators enables them to do what powerful ones cannot - namely, affect the norms of interaction between disputants. Empirical findings show how mediation seen from the mediator's point of view deviates from idealized depictions and how an intermediary must define and negotiate a role constantly while trying to bring the disputants to agreement.
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"This book is a 'must read' for students of international negotiation and conflict resolution. Princen has systematically examined a dimension of international negotiation that traditionally has been explored primarily by historians and the legal profession, namely, the role mediators play in managing international conflict."--Linda P. Brady, American Political Science Review
"In the context of international politics, Princen provides enlightening answers to how intermediaries learn, how they develop their role, and how they function in the context of both the international system and domestic politics. The work draws from extensive contemporary research in the field of conflict resolution and will replace Oran R. Young's The Intermediaries: Third Parties in International Crises (1967) as the definitive text."--Choice
"Princen's book is an excellent--indeed, outstanding--work of its kind.... [Policymakers], like scholars, can draw on such work most profitably to deepen their understanding of this important international process."--Alan James, Survival
List of Figures | ||
Preface | ||
Pt. 1 | The Nature of Intermediary Intervention | |
Ch. 1 | Introduction: Intermediaries in International Conflict | 3 |
The Prevalence of Intermediary Intervention | 4 | |
The Function of Intermediaries in International Conflict Management | 7 | |
Intermediary Influence and the Study of International Relations and Negotiation | 12 | |
Conclusion | 16 | |
Ch. 2 | Third Parties: Principals and Neutrals | 18 |
Third-Party Interests and Capabilities | 19 | |
The Target of Intervention | 23 | |
Impediments to Reaching Agreement | 27 | |
The Neutral's Dilemma | 29 | |
Conclusion | 30 | |
Ch. 3 | The Bases of Intermediary Influence: Reconfiguration, Proposal Making, and Information Pooling | 32 |
Bargaining Structure | 32 | |
Third Parties and the Structure of the Bargain | 36 | |
Conclusion | 44 | |
Ch. 4 | The Intermediary's Decision Problems: Entry and Exit | 46 |
Direct Negotiations | 47 | |
Intervention Question | 47 | |
Intermediary Interests | 48 | |
Entry Decision: Gaining Control | 51 | |
Exit Decision: Urging Agreement | 54 | |
Conclusion | 59 | |
Ch. 5 | The Disputants' Decision Problems: Acceptance, Initiation, Role Bargaining | 60 |
Acceptance | 60 | |
Initiation | 63 | |
Role Bargain | 64 | |
Conclusion | 66 | |
Pt. 2 | Intermediary Intervention in Practice: Principal Mediators | |
Ch. 6 | Camp David: Jimmy Carter Mediates between Israel and Egypt, 1977-1979 | 69 |
The Case | 70 | |
Analysis of Carter's Intervention | 86 | |
Conclusion | 104 | |
Ch. 7 | Portsmouth: Theodore Roosevelt Mediates between Russia and Japan, 1904-1984 | 107 |
The Case | 108 | |
Analysis of Roosevelt's Intervention | 122 | |
Conclusion | 129 | |
Pt. 3 | Intermediary Intervention in Practice: Neutral Mediators | |
Ch. 8 | Vatican: Pope John Paul II Mediates between Argentina and Chile, 1978-1984 | 133 |
The Case | 133 | |
Analysis of the Vatican Intervention | 162 | |
Conclusion | 183 | |
Ch. 9 | Biafra: The OAU, the British, and the Quakers Mediate in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 | 186 |
The Case | 187 | |
Analysis of the Biafra Interventions | 199 | |
Conclusion | 211 | |
Ch. 10 | Conclusion | 214 |
The Practice of Intermediaries | 216 | |
The Challenge of Intermediary Intervention | 219 | |
Notes | 227 | |
Bibliography | 253 | |
Index | 261 |
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