In a wide-ranging interpretation of French thought in the years 1670-1789, Daniel Gordon takes us through the literature of manners and moral philosophy, theology and political theory, universal history and economics to show how French thinkers sustained a sense of liberty and dignity within an authoritarian regime. A penetrating critique of those who exaggerate either the radicalism of the Enlightenment or the hegemony of the absolutist state, his book documents the invention of an ethos that was neither democratic nor absolutist, an ethos that idealized communication and private life. The key to this ethos was "sociability," and Gordon offers the first detailed study of the language and ideas that gave this concept its meaning in the Old Regime.
Citizens without Sovereignty provides a wealth of information about the origins and usage of key words, such associété and sociabilité, in French thought. From semantic fields of meaning, Gordon goes on to consider institutional fields of action. Focusing on the ubiquitous idea of "society" as a depoliticized sphere of equality, virtue, and aesthetic cultivation, he marks out the philosophical space that lies between the idea of democracy and the idea of the royal police state. Within this space, Gordon reveals the channels of creative action that are open to citizens without sovereignty--citizens who have no right to self-government. His work is thus a contribution to general historical sociology as well as French intellectual history.
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Acknowledgments | ||
Introduction | 3 | |
1 | Absolutism and the Ideal Types of Sociability | 9 |
The Well-Policed State | 9 | |
Sociability and Democracy | 24 | |
Five Ideal Types | 33 | |
2 | The Language of Sociability | 43 |
The Enlightenment as a Lexicon | 43 | |
Historical Semantics | 48 | |
The Rise of "Society" | 51 | |
The Concept of Latent Sociability in Natural Law | 54 | |
The Amalgamation of Natural Law and Politeness | 61 | |
Self-Centered Cosmopolitanism | 73 | |
The Religion of Society | 76 | |
3 | The Civilizing Process Revisited | 86 |
The Varieties of Civility | 86 | |
The Rules of Irrelevance | 94 | |
The Public Sphere in Apolitical Form | 107 | |
The Douceur of the Gentleman | 116 | |
Politeness and the Lineage of the Enlightenment | 126 | |
4 | Sociability and Universal History: Jean-Baptiste Suard and the Scottish Enlightenment in France | 129 |
Universal History | 129 | |
France and the Scottish Enlightenment | 133 | |
Storm over Suard | 137 | |
The Virtues of Being Lazy | 141 | |
Ossian: The Savage Poet | 145 | |
Robertson: The Progress of Refinement | 150 | |
Hume: The Elimination of Politics | 160 | |
5 | Andre Morellet and the End of the Enlightenment | 177 |
Form versus Substance | 177 | |
The Rules of Criticism | 182 | |
The Quest for Integration | 189 | |
Public Opinion and Civility | 199 | |
The Philosophy of Grain | 208 | |
Revolution and the New Liberalism | 226 | |
Conclusion | 242 | |
Select Bibliography | 247 | |
Index | 267 |
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