Articoli correlati a The Quantum Physics of Atomic Frequency Standards
Sinossi
Atomic frequency standards provide the most accurate measurements in physics. The Quantum Physics of Atomic Frequency Standards is an extensive survey of the subject covering both theoretical and experimental aspects together with applications. As an accessible and essential reference it will be invaluable to experienced researchers and beginners alike. The first volume begins with a quantum mechanics treatment of the interaction of static fields and electromagnetic radiation with atoms and molecules. Each of the important phenomena - noise, relaxation, broadening and frequency shifts - is treated in detail and optical pumping and population inversion are explained. With all the background material now in place the major part of these volumes is devoted to a theoretical analysis of the operation of the numerous atomic frequency standards that are either in use, are being studied or have been proposed. * Caesium atomic beam frequency standards * Hydrogen maser * Rubidium frequency standards * Mercury ion trap * Frequency stabilized lasers In the final chapter the authors discuss the impact of atomic frequency standards on navigation and communication systems, in industry, in new technology and on fundamental research.
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Contenuti
Basic physics of selected atomic systems: Hydrogen, alkali and other selected atoms. Transitions between atomic states. Ensemble of atoms: the density matrix. Electromagnetic and noise concepts: Electromagnetic field equations. The quantised-field approach. Black body radiation. Noise. Random perturbations - line shapes, relaxation and frequency shifts: Basic equations. The Doppler effect. Relaxation, broadening and frequency shifts: buffer gases. Relaxation, broadening and frequency shifts: the case of wall coatings. Buffer gas and wall relaxation in cells of finite dimensions. Electron spin exchange. Magnetic field gradient relaxation and frequency shift. State selection and population inversion: Magnetic state selection. Optical pumping. Selection of states by spin-exchange. The caesium atomic beam frequency standard: Description of the device. Probability that a transition occurred in the beam tube. The microwave cavity. Determination of the frequency of the atomic resonance. Frequency stability. Frequency offsets and their estimated accuracy. Practical realization of the device. The optically pumped caesium beam frequency standard. The hydrogen maser: Physical principles. Equations for the description of the hydrogen maser behaviour. Properties of the oscillating hydrogen maser. Pulsed stimulated emission. Passively operated hydrogen maser. Amplitude and phase noises. Frequency stability. Frequency shifts, unperturbed hydrogen hyperfine transition frequency and accuracy. The hydrogen maser as a precision spectrometer. Practical realisation of the device. Prospects. Rubidium frequency standards: Passive rubidium vapour frequency standard. Theory. Determination of the transition frequency. Frequency shifts. Practical implementation. Frequency-locked loop. Possible avenues for improvement. Active rubidium vapour frequency standard. Theory. Frequency shifts. Frequency stability. Phase-locked crystal oscillator. Other atomic frequency standards and related topics: Standards using the NH3 molecule. The thallium beam device. The optically pumped rubidium beam device. The silver beam proposal. The hydrogen beam tube. The magnesium and calcium beam devices. The caesium cell frequency standard. Ion storage frequency standards. Cooling of ions and atoms. Optical atomic frequency standards. Microwave to optical frequency synthesis. Impact of atomic freqency standards on technology, science and metrology: Atomic frequency standards as clocks: time-keeping. Atomic frequency standards in navigation systems. Atomic clocks in communication systems. Atomic frequency standards for industrial and public uses. Atomic frequency standards in basic research. Atomic frequency standards and the 'Systeme' International d'Unites'. References. Index.
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