This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1903 edition. Excerpt: ... CHAPTER VIII. MODERN JAPANESE ART HE political changes which had taken place in Japan -- the opening of the islands to foreign commerce in 1859, the inevitable struggle between the decrepit Shogunate and its recalcitrant vassals, the complete downfall of the former in 1867, and the establishment of a new political organization, presided over by the Mikado, affecting the expressions of its national life to the very core, did not leave the arts untouched. For a decade or so, when the nation was seized with a sudden passion for Western ideas, art was sadly neglected, almost forgotten. The reorganization of the constitution, the reform of the laws, the formation of an army and navy, the construction of highways, railroads, lighthouses, telegraph lines, and the establishment of a national system of education, had first to be attended to. The artists, deprived of native patronage, starved or found employment in cheap production for the foreign market, and the profession involuntarily turned to Europe for guidance. The visible superiority of the Occident in all other matters eventually led to a study of the methods and principles of Western art. A number of young men made their way to European and American studios, and trained themselves to charcoal studies from Greek casts, and oil studies from nature and still life, in the same manner as our art students do. It was even found necessary to import Italian painters and sculptors, and to establish art academies, which hitherto had been unknown. The results of this influence were twofold. It has created, firstly, a new school, based entirely on the art of the West, in which European methods and materials have been adopted to the complete exclusion of the Japanese. Secondly, it has penetrated into...
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