Riassunto
This textbook, aimed at graduate students and researchers, comprises the major theorems of probability theory and the measure theoretical foundations of the subject. The main topics treated are independence, interchangeability and martingales, with particular emphasis placed on stopping times, both as tools in providing theorems and as objects of interest themselves. This new edition also contains material on U-statistic, additional theorems and examples and simpler versions of some proofs. No prior knowledge of measure theory is assumed.
Contenuti
1 Classes of Sets, Measures, and Probability Spaces.- 1.1 Sets and set operations.- 1.2 Spaces and indicators.- 1.3 Sigma-algebras, measurable spaces, and product spaces.- 1.4 Measurable transformations.- 1.5 Additive set functions, measures, and probability spaces.- 1.6 Induced measures and distribution functions.- 2 Binomial Random Variables.- 2.1 Poisson theorem, interchangeable events, and their limiting probabilities.- 2.2 Bernoulli, Borel theorems.- 2.3 Central limit theorem for binomial random variables, large deviations.- 3 Independence.- 3.1 Independence, random allocation of balls into cells.- 3.2 Borel-Cantelli theorem, characterization of independence, Kolmogorov zero-one law.- 3.3 Convergence in probability, almost certain convergence, and their equivalence for sums of independent random variables.- 3.4 Bernoulli trials.- 4 Integration in a Probability Space.- 4.1 Definition, properties of the integral, monotone convergence theorem.- 4.2 Indefinite integrals, uniform integrability, mean convergence.- 4.3 Jensen, Hölder, Schwarz inequalities.- 5 Sums of Independent Random Variables.- 5.1 Three series theorem.- 5.2 Laws of large numbers.- 5.3 Stopping times, copies of stopping times, Wald’s equation.- 5.4 Chung—Fuchs theorem, elementary renewal theorem, optimal stopping.- 6 Measure Extensions, Lebesgue—Stieltjes Measure,Kolmogorov Consistency Theorem.- 6.1 Measure extensions, Lebesgue—Stieltjes measure 165 6.2 Integration in a measure space.- 6.3 Product measure, Fubini’s theorem, n-dimensional Lebesgue—Stieltjes measure.- 6.4 Infinite-dimensional product measure space, Kolmogorov consistency theorem.- 6.5 Absolute continuity of measures, distribution functions; Radon—Nikodym theorem.- 7 Conditional Expectation, Conditional Independence, Introduction to Martingales.- 7.1 Conditional expectations.- 7.2 Conditional probabilities, conditional probability measures.- 7.3 Conditional independence, interchangeable random variables.- 7.4 Introduction to martingales.- 7.5 U-statistics.- 8 Distribution Functions and Characteristic Functions.- 8.1 Convergence of distribution functions, uniform integrability, Helly—Bray theorem.- 8.2 Weak compactness, Fréchet—Shohat, GlivenkoCantelli theorems.- 8.3 Characteristic functions, inversion formula, Lévy continuity theorem.- 8.4 The nature of characteristic functions, analytic characteristic functions, Cramér—Lévy theorem.- 8.5 Remarks on k-dimensional distribution functions and characteristic functions.- 9 Central Limit Theorems.- 9.1 Independent components.- 9.2 Interchangeable components.- 9.3 The martingale case.- 9.4 Miscellaneous central limit theorems.- 9.5 Central limit theorems for double arrays.- 10 Limit Theorems for Independent Random Variables.- 10.1 Laws of large numbers.- 10.2 Law of the iterated logarithm.- 10.3 Marcinkiewicz—Zygmund inequality, dominated ergodic theorems.- 10.4 Maxima of random walks.- 11 Martingales.- 11.1 Uperossing inequality and convergence.- 11.2 Martingale extension of Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund inequalities.- 11.3 Convex function inequalities for martingales.- 11.4 Stochastic inequalities.- 12 Infinitely Divisible Laws.- 12.1 Infinitely divisible characteristic functions.- 12.2 Infinitely divisible laws as limits.- 12.3 Stable laws.
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