Rock Blasting: Effects and Operations - Rilegato

Roy, Pijush Pal

Rilegato

ISBN 10: 0415372305 ISBN 13: 9780415372305

Casa editrice: CRC Press, 2005

Riassunto

This book is a unique supplement to contemporary scientific literature on rock blasting technology. It encapsulates theoretical and practical aspects of drilling and blasting techniques used in both surface and subterranean excavations connected with civil as well as mining activities. Case studies are presented to illustrate correlations between theoretical calculations and empirical findings. It also summarizes the results of research carried out by the Blasting Department of the Central Mining Research Institute since its inception in the year 1970. It contains fifteen extensive chapters covering statistical methods, design parameters, rock breakage mechanism, structural damage, fragmentation, emerging techniques, surface and sub-surface blasting methodologies, safety and environmental aspects, explosive characteristics and modern initiating devices.

Su questo libro

L'autore:

Dr. P. Pal Roy is a Deputy Director and Scientist-in-Charge of the Blasting Department of the Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad, India. He is the inventor of CMRI Vibration Predictor Equation, Burden-Spacing Equations and Fragmentation Analyzing Scale besides establishing a number of CMRI standard and guidelines related to blasting methodology and applications.  Recently, he has been associated with two S&T Projects funded by the Ministry of Coal and Mines and Defence Terrain Research laboratory, DRDO, Government of India.

Contenuti:

CONTENTS

 

 

 

Preface

Chapter-1: Statistical Approaches and Useful Mathematical Formulae 1-17

1. Introduction 01
2. Statistical Analysis of Field Data 01
3. Statistical Method and Their Physical Interpretations 02
4. Important Mathematical Formulae 14
5. Summary 16

Chapter-2: Terms and Parameters Influencing Mine and Ground

Excavations 18-50

2.1 Introduction 18

2.2 Parameters Related to Explosive Properties 20

2.3 Parameters Related to Geomechanical Properties of Rock Mass 21

2.4 Parameters Related to Blast Geometry 22

2.5 Parameters Related to Initiation Pattern 22

2.6 Terms and Parameters Associated with Drilling and Blasting 22

Chapter-3: Detonation Principle and Rock Breakage Mechanism 51-60

3.1 Introduction 51

3.2 Basic Introduction of High and Low Explosives 51

3.3 Principle of Detonation and Breakage 53

3.4 Rock Breakage 54

3.5 Formation of Seismic Waves 56

3.6 Shock Energy 57

3.7 Gas Energy 58

3.8 Fracturing by Release of Load 58

3.9 Gas Expansion 59

3.10 Reflection Breakage 60

Chapter-4: Strength of Explosives – Theoretical Derivation and 61-76

Laboratory Determinations

4.1 Introduction 61

4.2 Strength of Explosives 61

4.2 Laboratory Determination of Explosive Energy 61

4.3 Theoretical Determination of Energy Release 68

4.4 Calculation of Heat of Explosion 69

4.5 Ideal Mixture of ANFO and Fuel Oil 71

4.6 Partition of Explosive Energy 72

Chapter-5: Prediction, Control and Damage thresholds of

Ground Vibration from Opencast Blasting 77-105

5.1 Introduction 77

5.2 Generation and Propagation of Ground Vibration

from Opencast Blasting 78

5.3 Commonly Used Blast Vibration Predictors 79

5.4 Geometrical Spreading 81

5.5 Inelastic Attenuation or Damping 82

5.6 Inelastic Attenuation Factor 82

5.7 Values of Empirical Constants for Various Rock Masses 83

5.8 CMRI Predictor Equation 87

5.9 Mixed Analytical-Empirical Model 91

5.10 Confidence Envelopes 94

5.11 Threshold Values of Ground Vibrations for Structures 94

5.12 Conclusions 101

Chapter-6: Structural Response and Damage Criteria for

Safety of Surface Structures 106-136

6.1 Introduction 106

6.2 Damage Prevention Criteria for Structures 107

6.3 Formation of low frequency vibrations 109

6.4 Damage Studies Through Test Structures 113

6.5 Field Studies on Residential and Industrial Structures 127

6.6 Effect of Repeated Blasting 132

6.7 Vibration Response of Restrained Pipelines 134

6.8 Discussions 134

6.9 Conclusions 135

Chapter-7: Influence of Blasting on Surface Structures

and Underground Workings 137-169

1. Surface Blasting – Underground Effects 137

7.1.1 Introduction 137

7.1.2 Blast Vibrations 138

7.1.3 Effect of Rock Quality 138

7.1.4 Damage Classification 141

7.1.5 Blast Damage Index (BDI) 142

7.1.6 Case Studies 143

7.2 Underground Blasting – Surface Effects 152

7.2.1 Introduction 152

7.2.2 Problems Related to Underground Blasting 152

7.2.3 Factors Affecting Ground Vibration 152

7.2.4 Structural Response 155

7.2.5 Findings of Investigation 158

7.3 Underground Blasting – Underground Effects 159

7.3.1 Introduction 159

7.3.2 Effect of Vibration on Parting between

Two Contiguous Seam Workings 159

7.3.3 Comparative Study of Effect of Blasting with Machine

Cut, Auger Holes and Blasting off the Solid 163

7.3.4 Air Overpressures in the Underground Workings 165

7.3.5 Zone of Disturbance Caused by Blasting 165

7.4 Conclusions 166

Chapter- 8: Blast Monitoring and Characterization 170-179

8.1 Introduction 170

8.2 Sensor Setting 170

8.3 Sensor Types 171

8.4 What Kind of Sensor should be used? 172

8.5 Richter Scale versus PPV 173

8.6 Approach of Tracking Blast Vibrations 175

8.7 Peak Particle Velocity versus Strain 177

8.8 Low Frequency Response 177

8.9 Summary Analysis of Vibration Risks in U/G Works 178

Chapter-9: Ringhole Blasting in Coal in Blasting Gallery Panels 180-203

9.1 Introduction 180

9.2 General Description 180

9.3 Prerequisites of BG 181

9.4 Conditions before Commencement of Extraction 181

9.5 Advantages of BG method 181

1. Limitations 182

9.7 Drilling and Blasting Practices in BG Method 182

9.8 Case Studies 186

9.9 Fragmentation Study at GDK-10 Incline Mine 186

9.10 Case Study at GDK-8 Incline Mine 191

9.11 Energy-based Vibration Predictor Equations 193

9.12 Critical Convergence 197

9.13 Prediction of Roof Fall 198

9.14 Blast Damage Index (BDI) 199

9.15 Suggested Design Patterns and Guidelines 201

9.16 Conclusions 202

Chapter-10: Rock Fragmentation and Assessment 204-237

10.1 Introduction 204

10.2 Indian Coal Mining Scenario 204

10.3 Fragmentation Assessment Methods 205

10.4 Results of CMRI Investigations 207

10.5 Charge Factor 208

10.6 Blast Design for Heterogeneous Strata 210

10.7 Fragmentation Prediction Models 212

10.8 Drilling and Blasting Cost Assessment 214

10.9 Case Studies 218

10.10 Fragmentation Cost Assessment 221

10.11 Effect of Initiation Timing 222

10.12 Pattern Constructions and Muckpile Shape 222

10.13 Effects of Fragmentation on Subsystems 227

10.14 Determination of Face Orientation 228

10.15 Design Patterns for Non-coal Deposits 231

10.16 Computer Models of Fragmentation Prediction 231

10.17 Conclusion 234

Chapter-11: Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Blasting 238-254

11.1 Introduction 238

11.2 Human Response to Blast Induced Vibrations 239

11.3 Human Reaction to the Effect of Blasting 240

11.4 Air blast and Associated Annoyance 243

11.5 Flyrock – Occurrence and Control 248

11.6 Blasting in Underground Coal Mines 251

11.7 Blasting Procedures in Hot Holes 252

11.8 Measurement of Dust Clouds 252

11.9 Remedial Measures: General Guidelines 253

Chapter-12: Emerging Blasting Techniques 255-297

12.1 Air-decking Principle 255

12.1.1 Introduction 255

12.1.2 Theory of Air-deck Blasting 256

12.1.3 Breakage Process in Air-deck Blasting 261

12.1.4 Usage of Air-decking in Presplit Blasting 263

12.1.5 Conclusions 263

12.2 Baby-Decking Technique 264

12.2.1 Introduction 264

12.2.2 Scientific Identification of the Problem 264

12.2.3 Baby-decking 266

12.2.4 Conclusion 267

12.3 Segregation Blasting 268

12.3.1 Introduction 268

12.3.2 Mechanism of Segregation Blasting 268

12.3.3 Air-Drag 269

12.3.4 Law of Resistance 270

12.3.5 Correction for Air-drag 270

12.3.6 Case study 271

12.3.7 Experimental trials 272

12.3.8 Conclusion 273

12.4 Additives in ANFO for Optimum Blasting 274

12.4.1 Introduction 274

12.4.2 Scientific Background 274

12.4.3 Detonation Velocity and Pressure of ANFO/Sawdust Mixture 275

12.4.4 Properties and Chemical Reaction of ANFO/Sawdust Mixture 276

12.4.5 Procedure of Mixing Sawdust with ANFO 277

12.4.6 Experimental Blasts 277

12.4.7 Observation 278

12.4.8 Conclusions 279

12.5 Induced Caving by Blasting 280

12.5.1. Introduction 280

12.5.2 What is Induced Blasting? 280

12.5.3 Results of Strata and Gas Monitoring 281

12.5.4 Design Patterns 281

12.5.5 Fragment Size Analysis 281

12.5.6 Software Developed 285

12.5.7 Conclusion 285

12.6. Blast Closure 286

12.6.1 Introduction 286

12.6.2 Reasons for Closure 287

12.6.3 Closure Planning 287

12.6.4 Methods of Closure 288

12.6.5 Conclusion 290

12.7 Demolition Blasting 291

12.7.1 Introduction 291

12.7.2 Basic Design Patterns 291

12.7.3 Demolition of Piers 291

12.7.4 Conclusion 294

Chapter-13: Rock Excavation by Non-explosive Methods 298-313

13.1 Introduction 298

13.2 Acconex: Non-Explosive Demolishing Compound 298

13.3 Capsuled Compressed Gas Cartridges 303

13.4 Mechanical Methods 304

13.5 Electrical Methods 305

13.6 Liquid Jet Systems 305

13.7 Expansive Mortar 305

13.8 Surface Miner 305

13.9 Penetrating Cone Fracture 308

13.10 Plasma Blasting 311

13.11 Conclusions 312

Chapter-14: Blasting in Surface and Subsurface Hard Rocks 314-344

14.1 Blasting in Dimension Stone Quarrying 314

14.1.1 Introduction 314

14.1.2 Traditional Methods 314

14.1.3 Presplitting Mechanism 315

14.1.4 Dimension Stone Quarries 316

14.1.5 Conclusion 317

14.2 Blasting in Himalayan Rocks 317

14.2.1 Introduction 317

14.2.2 Rock-Geologic Parameters 318

14.2.3 Effects of Blast Vibration on Rock Masses and Slopes 319

14.2.4 Blast Pattern 320

14.2.5 Ground Vibration Monitoring 320

14.2 6 Vibrations from Non-Blasting Events 320

14.2.7 Blast Design Patterns for Safe and Optimal Excavation 321

14.2.8 Drilling Pattern 322

14.2.9 Charge Factor and Initiation Sequences 323

14.2.10 Boulder Blasting 324

14.2.11 Concluding Remarks and Guidelines 324

14.3 Slope Failure Due to Unscientific Quarrying 329

14.3.1 South Hlimen Quarry 329

14.3.2 Conclusion 329

14.4 Underground Metal Mining 331

14.4.1 Introduction 331

14.4.2 Mining Methods with Vertical Crater Retreat (VCR) Stoping 331

14.4.3 Large Diameter Long Blastholes ‘LBH’ (115 mm and above) 331

14.4.4 Relationship Between Length of Charge and Diameter 332

14.4.5 Intermediate Stemming 332

14.4.6 Initiation Sequence 333

14.4.7 Case Study (Khetri Copper Mine) 333

14.4.8 Conclusions 341

14.5 Underwater Blasting 342

Chapter-15: Performance Evaluation of Explosives and Accessories 345-359

15.1 Performance Test of Explosives 345

15.1.1 Introduction 345

15.1.2 Explosive Ratings 345

15.1.3 Mixture of Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil 348

15.1.4 Conclusion 348

15.2 Scattering in Delay Timing of Delay Detonator 348

15.2.1 Introduction 348

15.2.2 Winzer Index 349

15.2.3 Estimation of Initiation Gap 350

15.2.4 Thermal Behaviour of Commercial Explosives 351

15.2.5 Conclusions 351

15.3 Non-electric Initiating Devices 352

15.3.1 Introduction 352

15.3.2 Raydet DTH and TLD 352

15.3.3 EXEL System 353

15.3.4 Study of Component Scatter 355

15.3.5 Probability Calculations 355

15.3.6 Observations 356

15.3.7 Conclusion 357

Conversion Factors 360

Index 361-362

 

 

Su questa edizione

• Editore: CRC Press
• Data di pubblicazione: 2005
• ISBN 10: 0415372305
• ISBN 13: 9780415372305
• Rilegatura: Copertina rigida
• Numero edizione: 1
• Numero di pagine: 360