Handbook Of Bird Biology - Rilegato

Rilegato

ISBN 10: 093802762X ISBN 13: 9780938027621

Casa editrice: Princeton Univ Pr, 2004

Riassunto

Call it Bird University. This gloriously illustrated volume provides comprehensive college-level information about birds and their environments in a style accessible to nonscientists and teachers the world over.

The Handbook of Bird Biology covers all major topics, from anatomy and physiology to ecology, behavior, and conservation biology. One full chapter addresses vocal communication and is accompanied by a CD of bird vocalizations. Produced by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology's world-renowned Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds, the CD illustrates key elements of bioacoustics.

The book's text was written by 12 leading ornithologists and illustrated by respected photographers and acclaimed artist John Schmitt. It includes an extensive glossary and index, a list of the common and scientific names of all birds mentioned in the text, author profiles, suggested readings following each chapter, and a complete reference section.

The Handbook serves as the backbone of the Lab's popular Home Study Course in Bird Biology, a self-paced course that can be taken from anywhere in the world, by anyone with a serious interest in birds who would like guidance from professional ornithologists.

• Comprehensive and readable guide covering all major topics
• Free CD of bird vocalizations enclosed
• Extensive glossary and index
• List of all common and scientific names
• Suggested readings
• Complete reference section
• Companion to the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology's popular Home Study Course in Bird Biology
  

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Recensione:

Winner of the 2004 Best Ornithology Book, Worldtwitch
"If you really do want to know everything about birds, turn to the second edition of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Handbook of Bird Biology, which for really keen readers comes in conjunction with a home-study course in the subject."--Stephen Moss, The Guardian

Contenuti:

Birds and Humans: A Historical Perspective Birds as Food H-3
Use of Skins and Feathers H-4
Birds in Literature, Culture, and Religion H-6
Art H-6
Religion H-9
Folklore H-10
Literature H-11
Music and Dance H-13
Music and Dance of Indigenous Cultures H-13
Music and Dance of Western Cultures H-18
The Evolution of North American Ornithology H-19
The Early Years: From Aristotle to the 17th Century H-19
The 18th Century H-23
The 19th Century H-25
The American Ornithologists' Union and the U.S. Biological Survey H-32
The First Audubon Movement H-33
The Second Audubon Movement H-34
The 20th Century and the Expanding Role of the Bird Watcher H-35
The Development of the Field Guide H-36
Academic Training in Ornithology H-37
Bird Conservation, Bird Watching and the Age of Technology H-39
Suggested Readings H-42
Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Chapter 1
Introduction: The World of Birds Ornithological Terms 1-3
The Form of a Bird 1-3
Bill 1-6
Head and Neck 1-7
Trunk 1-9
Wings 1-9
Tail 1-12
Hind Limbs 1-12
Diversity in Bird Form 1-15
The Bill 1-16
The Wings 1-18
The Tail 1-19
The Feet 1-20
Feathering 1-23
Internal Anatomy 1-24
Diversity in Bird Movement 1-24
Movement on Land 1-24
Movement in Water 1-28
Naming and Classification of Birds 1-32
History 1-32
Methods Used to Classify Birds 1-40
Binomial Nomenclature and Classification System 1-45
The Species 1-53
The Formation of Species 1-55
Orders and Families of World Birds 1-61
Orders and Families of North American Birds 1-64
How Naming and Classification Can Help You 1-64
The Use of Common Names 1-64
Evolution of Birds and Avian Flight 1-66
Bird Distribution 1-66
Distribution of Land Birds 1-69
Palearctic Region 1-69
Nearctic Region 1-71
Neotropical Region 1-72
Afrotropical Region 1-81
Oriental Region 1-88
Australasian Region 1-91
Island Distribution 1-97
Distribution of Marine Birds 1-98
Northern Marine Region 1-99
Southern Marine Region 1-100
Tropical Marine Region 1-101
Plankton and Bird Distribution 1-101
The Importance of Biodiversity 1-106
Appendix A: Orders and Families of World Birds 1-107
Appendix B: Orders and Families of North American Birds 1-111
Appendix C: Geological Time Scale 1-113
Sidebars Sidebar 1: Which Way is Up? 1-4
Sidebar 2: The Evolution of an Idea: Darwin's Theory 1-34
Sidebar 3: Latin and Greek Roots of Biological Terms 1-48
CHAPTER 2: A Guide to Bird Watching How to Identify Birds 2-4
Shape 2-5
Postures and Flight Patterns 2-5
Behaviors 2-7
Size 2-7
Comparing Body Features 2-9
Field Marks 2-10
Head 2-10
Bill Shape and Color 2-11
Wings 2-12
Tail 2-12
Legs 2-13
Colors and Plumage Patterns 2-13
Songs 2-14
Habitat 2-18
Range and Abundance 2-19
Time of Year 2-19
Sorting Out Birds 2-23
Closing the Distance 2-23
Sitting Quietly 2-23
Pishing and Squeaking 2-26
Mobbing 2-26
Playback Songs 2-28
Bird Blinds 2-29
Viewing Birds 2-29
Using Binoculars 2-29
Pointing Out Birds to Others 2-32
Selecting Binoculars 2-34
Magnification Power 2-34
Light-gathering Capacity 2-35
Field of View 2-37
Resolution 2-37
Alignment 2-38
Binocular Designs 2-38
Mini Binoculars 2-39
Binoculars for Eyeglass Wearers 2-40
How to Shop for Binoculars 2-40
How to Clean Binoculars 2-41
Protecting Binoculars 2-41
Selecting a Spotting Scope and Tripod 2-42
How to Shop for a Spotting Scope 2-44
Recording Observations 2-44
Checklists 2-46
Journals 2-47
Reporting Rare Birds 2-54
Listing Birds 2-54
Counting Birds 2-55
Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Conclusion 2-57
The Birder's Essential Resources 2-58
Field Guides 2-58
General References 2-59
Textbooks 2-60
Popular Bird Magazines 2-60
Scientific Journals 2-61
Leisure Reading 2-62
Audio Guides 2-63
Web Sites 2-63
Sidebars Sidebar 1: Attracting Birds to Your Yard 2-24
Sidebar 2: How to Calibrate Binoculars For Your Eyes 2-30
Sidebar 3: Sketching Birds in the Field 2-50
CHAPTER 3: Form and Function: The External Bird Feather Tracts 3-2
Feather Form and Function 3-3
Feather Structure 3-3
Types of Feathers 3-4
Contour Feathers 3-5
Down Feathers 3-16
Semiplumes 3-17
Filoplumes 3-17
Powder Downs 3-18
Care of Feathers 3-18
Preening 3-18
Oiling 3-20
Head-Scratching 3-20
Bathing 3-21
Sunning 3-22
Anting 3-22
Ectoparasites 3-23
Development of Feathers 3-26
Molts and Plumages 3-28
Annual Molt and Wear Cycles 3-29
Subadult and Definitive Plumages 3-30
Plumage Naming Systems 3-33
The Progression of a Molt 3-34
Nonfeathered Areas 3-39
Eyes 3-39
Bill 3-39
Legs and Feet 3-43
Other Unfeathered Areas 3-46
Colors 3-48
Pigments 3-50
Abnormalities and Variations in Pigment Colors 3-52
Structural Colors 3-54
Functions of Color and Color Patterns 3-60
Cryptic Coloration and Patterns 3-60
Blending In 3-61
Disruptive Coloration 3-62
Countershading 3-63
Behaviors that Aid Concealment 3-63
Conspicuous Markings and Predation 3-64
Reduction of Glare for Foraging 3-64
The Role of Color and Pattern in Social Behavior 3-65
Species Recognition 3-66
Age Recognition 3-66
Sex Recognition 3-67
Individual Recognition 3-67
Flock Attraction 3-68
Sexual Selection 3-68
Sidebars Sidebar 1: Feather Detective 3-6
Sidebar 2: Feather Facts 3-11
Sidebar 3: Iridescence 3-56
CHAPTER 4: What's Inside: Anatomy and Physiology The Skeletal System 4-3
Axial Skeleton 4-10
Skull 4-10
Hyoid Apparatus 4-13
Vertebral Column 4-14
Appendicular Skeleton 4-18
Pectoral Girdle 4-19
Bones of the Wing 4-21
Sternum 4-23
Pelvic Girdle 4-24
Bones of the Hind Limb 4-24
The Muscular System 4-26
Skeletal Muscle 4-26
Smooth Muscle 4-28
Cardiac Muscle 4-31
The Nervous System 4-31
The Neuron 4-32
Sensory and Motor Neurons 4-33
Central Nervous System 4-35
Brain 4-36
Spinal Cord 4-38
Peripheral Nervous System 4-40
Cranial Nerves 4-40
Spinal Nerves 4-42
Autonomic Nervous System 4-43
The Senses 4-45
Vision 4-45
The Structure of the Eye 4-46
How Birds See 4-50
The Ear and Hearing 4-54
Structure and Function of the Ear 4-56
Hearing Ability 4-61
Olfaction 4-62
Taste 4-65
Skin Senses 4-69
The Endocrine System 4-69
Pituitary Gland 4-72
Thyroid Glands 4-74
Parathyroid and Ultimobranchial Glands 4-74
Adrenal Glands 4-74
Gonads 4-75
Pancreas 4-75
The Circulatory System 4-76
The Heart 4-77
Heart Valves 4-78
Blood Supply to the Heart Tissue 4-79
Conducting System of the Heart 4-79
Location of the Heart 4-80
Blood Vessels 4-81
Capillaries 4-81
Arterial System 4-82
Venous System 4-84
Blood 4-86
Lymphatic System 4-88
The Respiratory System 4-89
Nostrils and Nasal Cavities 4-90
Pharynx 4-91
Larynx 4-91
Trachea 4-92
Syrinx 4-93
Lungs and Air Tubes 4-98
Air Sacs 4-100
Breathing and Gas Exchange 4-100
The Digestive System 4-103
Oral Cavity 4-103
Bill 4-103
Tongue 4-111
Salivary Glands and Saliva 4-111
Pharynx 4-112
Alimentary Canal 4-113
Esophagus 4-113
Stomach 4-118
Small Intestine 4-120
Colic Ceca 4-123
Large Intestine 4-123
Cloaca 4-123
Liver 4-124
The Urogenital System 4-124
Urinary System 4-125
Genital System 4-127
Male Genitals 4-127
Female Genitals 4-128
Copulation and Fertilization 4-133
Sex Determination 4-133
Handbook of Bird Biology Hormones and Secondary Sex Characters 4-137
Factors Bringing Birds into Breeding Condition 4-140
Metabolism 4-144
Body Temperature 4-146
Countercurrent Heat-Exchange Systems 4-148
Cooling 4-152
Torpor 4-153
Heart Size and Heart Rate 4-154
Respiratory Rate 4-156
Water and Salt Regulation 4-157
Life Span and Senescence 4-158
Major Anatomical Differences between Birds and Mammals 4-161
Skeleton 4-161
Muscles 4-161
Nervous System 4-161
Ear 4-162
Eye 4-162
Circulatory System 4-162
Respiratory System 4-162
Digestive System 4-163
Urogenital System 4-163
Suggested Readings 4-163
Sidebars Sidebar 1: The Amazing World of Avian ESP 4-66
Sidebar 2: Bird Song: From Oboe and Trombone to Orator and Soprano 4-94
CHAPTER 5: Birds on the Move: Flight and Migration The Flight Syndrome 5-2
Functions of the Flight Muscles 5-7
How Do Birds Fly? 5-8
Forces Acting on a Bird in Flight 5-9
Gravity 5-10
Lift 5-10
Drag 5-16
Thrust 5-16
Function of the Tail 5-21
Landing 5-21
Hovering 5-26
Complex Control of Flight 5-30
Wing Loading 5-31
Turbulence 5-33
Variations in Wing Shape and Flight Style 5-36
Elliptical Wings 5-37
High-speed Wings 5-38
Slotted High-lift Wings 5-39
High-Aspect-Ratio Wings 5-42
Some Flight Facts and Figures 5-45
Air Speed 5-45
Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Wingbeat Frequency 5-45
Flocking and Flying in Formation 5-45
Loss of Flight 5-48
Migration 5-51
Patterns of Migration 5-52
The Origin and Evolution of Migration 5-57
Controlling and Synchronizing the Annual Cycle 5-61
The Physiology of Migration 5-63
Daily Timing of Migration 5-65
The Altitude of Migration 5-66
Flight Speed and the Progress of Migration 5-68
Weather and Migration 5-69
Migration Routes 5-73
Site Fidelity 5-75
Orientation and Navigation 5-79
Compass Mechanisms 5-84
Sun Compass 5-84
Star Compass 5-86
Magnetic Compass 5-89
Navigational Maps 5-92
Sunset Cues 5-92
Suggested Readings 5-99
Sidebars Sidebar 1: Flapping Flight 5-22
Sidebar 2: Showdown at Delaware Bay 5-76
Sidebar 3: Polarized Light 5-94
Evolution of Birds and Avian Flight Archaeopteryx and Other Urvogels 2
The Descent of Birds 7
Flight Origins 13
Ground-Up (Cursorial) Theory 14
Trees-Down (Arboreal) Theory 18
Early Bird Flight 19
The Early Fossil Record of Birds 20
Palaeognathous Birds 21
Bird Evolution's Big Bang 25
Appendix A: Bird Evolution Theories and Early Diapsid Reptiles 27
Appendix B: Hypothesized Relationships Among Ancient and Modern Bird Groups 29
Appendix C: Index to Fossil Organisms 31
Figure Credits for Appendix C 34
CHAPTER 6: Understanding Bird Behavior Questions About Behavior 6-2
The Proximate Basis of Bird Behavior 6-4
Ethology, Ornithology, and Instincts 6-7
Learned Behavior 6-8
A Comparison of Instincts and Learning 6-14
Ultimate Causes of Bird Behavior 6-15
Territoriality, Dominance Hierarchies, and Ritualized Aggression 6-22
The Evolution of Ritualized Displays 6-30
Courtship Displays 6-34
The Use of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory 6-42
Feeding Behavior: Why do Birds Generally Restrict their Diets, Ignoring Some Edible Foods in Favor of Others? 6-43
Antipredator Behavior: Why do Some Birds Mob Predators? 6-50
Nest Spacing: Why do Some Birds Nest in Large Colonies? 6-58
Reproductive Behavior: Why Are There Different Kinds of Avian Mating Systems? 6-68
Reproductive Behavior: Resource-defense and Female-defense Polygyny 6-73
Reproductive Behavior: Lek Polygyny 6-75
Reproductive Behavior: Polyandry 6-77
Mate Choice: Extrapair Copulations in Birds 6-79
Mate Choice: Why do Some Birds Display Elaborate Ornaments? 6-81
Mate Choice: Why Cooperate in Courtship Displays? 6-85
Parental Behavior: Why do Some Birds Ignore Lethal Aggression Among their Nestlings? 6-87
Parental Behavior: Why are there "Helpers at the Nest" that Care for Someone Else's Offspring? 6-88
How to Study Bird Behavior Yourself 6-91
Suggested Readings 6-98
Sidebars Sidebar 1: Bird Brains 6-16
Sidebar 2: Play 6-19
Sidebar 3: Defense Behavior 6-52
Sidebar 4: Living in Groups 6-60
Sidebar 5: Length of the Pair Bond 6-72
Sidebar 6: Bird Families as Models for Understanding Ourselves 6-92
CHAPTER 7: Vocal Behavior What is Sound? 7-3
Seeing Sounds: Sonagrams and Oscillograms 7-4
Use of Tape or CD with Chapter Text 7-6
Understanding Complex Songs 7-9
Vocal Repertoires 7-10
The Problem of Meaning 7-11
Song 7-14
The Structure and Function of Sounds 7-19
Vocal Development 7-23
Vocal Development in Songbirds 7-25
Vocal Development in Nonsongbirds 7-30
Songbird Diversity 7-34
Control of Song 7-37
Variation in Space and Time 7-41
Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Species Differences 7-42
Individual Variation 7-42
Song Dialects 7-53
Geographic Variation in Suboscine Vocalizations 7-57
The Diversity of Geographic Patterns in Songbirds 7-58
Song Change Over Time 7-63
Dialects Over Broad Regions 7-64
The Functions of Song 7-66
Dawn Chorus 7-75
Duetting 7-78
Mimicry 7-81
Flight Songs 7-84
Song Repertoires 7-85
Suggested Readings 7-91
Appendix A: Descriptions of Tape/CD Tracks 7-93
Sidebars Sidebar 1: Winnows, Snaps, and Spring Thunder--Nonvocal Sounds 7-15
Sidebar 2: Listen Up!.7-44
Sidebar 3: Pushing the Limits: New Computer Techniques for Studying Bird Song 7-48
Sidebar 4: Do Birds Think? 7-67
Sidebar 5: "Call Notes" and Their Functions 7-72
Sidebar 6: Listening on Your Own 7-88
CHAPTER 8: Nests, Eggs, and Young: Breeding Biology of Birds Survival 8-3
The Timing of Breeding 8-10
Breeding Territories 8-13
Functions of Breeding Territories 8-14
Nests and Nest Building 8-15
Functions of Nests 8-18
Diversity of Nest Sites 8-20
Seasonal Changes in Nest Sites 8-22
Nest Site Selection 8-23
Diversity of Nests 8-24
The Evolution of Nest Construction 8-44
Nest Lining 8-47
Nest-building Behavior 8-50
Sex Roles in Nest Building 8-56
Duration of Nest Building 8-57
Nest Appropriation and Reuse 8-57
Eggs 8-59
Egg Structure 8-59
Egg Size 8-70
Egg Shape 8-72
Egg Surface Texture 8-74
Egg Color 8-75
Egg Laying 8-77
Clutch Size 8-78
Patterns in Clutch Size Variation 8-78

Su questa edizione

• Editore: Princeton Univ Pr
• Data di pubblicazione: 2004
• ISBN 10: 093802762X
• ISBN 13: 9780938027621
• Rilegatura: Copertina rigida
• Numero di pagine: 1248
• Redattore: Podulka Sandy, Rohrbaugh Ronald W. Jr., Bonney Rick