lap lambert academic publishing jan 2011 (Oltre 2.000 risultati)

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Traditionally,women''s are primarily confined to the domestic chores. Now,situation has changed and women have started seeking employment outside the home.Slow but growing volume of the female work participation is having a significant impact not only on the life of the women herself but also on the other aspects of family life.The present work is an attempt to understand the impact of women''s work status on the health of their children. Using the data from the National Family Health Survey (1998-99) the major sixteen states of India has been grouped into economically better performing states (EBPS) and economically poor performing states (EPPS) according to state domestic product at current price (taken from economic survey 1998-99, Ministry of Finance, Government of India).It has found that most of the working women are concentrated in low paid jobs,which may indicates that women are working not for their choice but they are working because they are in need to work. The prevalence of morbidity among children of the working women are higher compared to those of the non-working women and nutritional status was found poor among the children of working women.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 108 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -The study of EU foreign policy has devoted over the last years great emphasis to the conceptualization of the role of the Union as an international actor. This paper critically analyzes two overarching narratives ¿ realist and interpretivist - about the role of the Union as an international actor employing insights from critical theory. By such narratives, it is meant those perspectives that have been developed in scholarship and have sought to answer questions about how the EU behaves in the international system and how it should behave. The method of critical reading implies uncovering the premises on which the international role of the EU was constructed within the two narratives, then underscoring their consequences and juxtaposing them to their founding principles. This endeavor highlights the purpose behind the different types of foreign policy constructed and promoted by the two narratives. Simultaneously, the study enquires into the shared commitment between the two narratives for the creation of a common foreign and security policy for the EU.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 92 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Current work highlights EU-Russia energy relations at present stage. The author examines main documents related to the energy sphere of EU-Russia cooperation and explains why the European Union and Russia have got different perceptions and approaches. Special attention is given to the cooperation after the Lisbon Treaty. This Treaty changes a lot in the EU energy policy creating new mechanisms for further integration in this sphere forming a legal basis for such documents as 2nd strategic energy review, 3rd energy liberalization package. Thus, it can lead to gradual emergence of EU common energy policy.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 104 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -The text examines the current developments in the automobile industry brought about by the nascent sector of electric cars. It looks into a combination of factors that made the advent of electric cars possible now and focuses on the global struggle for natural resources. Also, uncertainties brough about by the electrification of motoring are addressed in relation to the world economy and politics. Part II presents reflections on the practice of doing a journalistic research. It addresses the constraints which an industry journalist faces in his/her work. Namely, such issues as the complexity of the industry and constraints of the media environment are examined. The discussion is put into a perspective of available academic research and a case for journalist¿s self-reflexivity is made.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 52 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -For the present work two types of rockfill materials viz. riverbed (from seven project sites) and quarried (from three project sites) have been considered. These materials have been modeled to three smaller maximum particle sizes (dmax). Drained triaxial tests have been conducted on these modeled materials at four confining pressures. Breakage factors have been determined at the end of each triaxial test. For all the modeled rockfill materials, stress-strain-volume change responses have been plotted and phi-values have been determined. Various index properties viz. unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and uncompacted void content (UVC) of the rockfill materials have also been determined in the laboratory. The UCS represents the strength of the particles and UVC represents grading, size, shape, angularity and surface texture of the particles. The behaviour of the rockfill materials has been explained in terms of these index properties. A method has been proposed to relate the basic characteristics in terms of UCS and UVC of the rockfill materials with the shear strength parameter.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 116 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -This research study examines the effect of celebrity endorsement on attitudes towards the advertisement, the product, purchase intentions and recommendation likelihood. In order to test it, two different endorsers have been chosen for this study, namely a well-known celebrity expert and a fictitious non- celebrity expert. The aim is to identify which characteristics are important for an effective brand endorsement. Additionally, differences between endorser types are examined. The sample used for this study contains mainly students from the Netherlands, Germany and Ecuador. Furthermore, high involvement products are used to test the impact of brand endorsement, namely two types of automobiles (luxury model versus standard model). The results of the research validate the existing models about endorser characteristics (Source Attractiveness Model, Source Credibility Model and Match-Up Hypothesis) and identify which of these elements function as key factors for successful endorsements.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 88 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -The dissertation is the author''s analysis of the steps Ukraine is (not) undertaking in order to modify its legal system to make in conformity with European standards. The dissertation covers the issue of the right to fair trial in the period of 1997-2008, assessing such aspects as independence of courts in general and judges in particular, the judgments of the ECHR in respect of fair trial violations in the country as well as the response of Ukrainian legal system to such judgments. The author proposes his own assessment grid and provides his own analysis based on the comprehensive statistical data from Ukrainian High Court, Ministry of Justice covering such issues as the number of judgments delivered with delays, non enforced court decisions, the impact of increasing of salary of judges on the level of corruption in the country etc.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 108 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Nowadays many multinational corporations have come to realize that they are facing saturated markets while being at the verge of the maturity phase of their product''s life cycle. Their growth strategy increasingly leads them to enter developing countries, or so called ¿Bottom of the Pyramid¿ markets. Simultaneously, these companies are increasingly challenged by a going number of consumers to commit to their social responsibility; questioning whether it is still appropriate to focus on creating shareholder value alone. This book investigates how bringing these two perspectives together from a brand strategy point of view can lead to a mutually beneficial win- win situation. Applying a 'Cause Branding' approach can and will create value for the shareholders as well as for society at large. The critical success factors provided by this book will allow brand strategists and brand managers to successfully implement a good cause into the very DNA of their brand. Doing so, it will help them to do good for their business while changing the world for the better!Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 80 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -The main idea behind this paper is to highlight the background and current movements of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) toward convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Subsequent to introductory chapter the second chapter discusses the historical perspectives describing the various events that shaped the IASB and FASB current efforts towards convergence of IFRS and US GAAP. The third chapter describes the strategies policies and procedures adopted by the IASB/FASB to achieve the goal for international accounting convergence. The focus is on the maintainability of investors'' interest and integrity of capital markets that can only be achieved by observing methods required for high quality accounting standards. Fourth chapter identifies the substantive differences and similarities between IFRS and US GAAP and catalogue those differences in which a specific accounting treatment is permissible under one basis of accounting standards but not permissible under the other.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 72 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Graphic design is a creative process which can be instrumental in enhancing effective marketing of services. It is applied to products of company identity like logos, colors, packaging and text. This study examined the role of graphic design in enhancing effective marketing of services in a selected safari lodge in Rift Valley in Kenya. The study employed the case study design settling on Soi Safari Lodge situated at the shores of Lake Baringo in the Great Rift Valley. This design was found appropriate as it allows a thorough, meticulous and systematic data collection on the research problem. It also gives a deep understanding of the issues. (Yin, 1994). Data were collected with the help of interview and questionnare methods and analysed using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study revealed that graphic design application in corporate identity, packaging, advertising and photography had not been been adequately utilized in marketing of services. Key players in tourism industry, creative designers and students of sales and marketing are hoped to gain more insights drawn from the findings of this study.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 64 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -In December 2001, the Swedish television programme ''Kalla Fakta'' uncovered the story of Ahmed Agiza and Muhammed El Zari, who after having been denied asylum in Sweden, were arrested by the police and deported in haste to Egypt. The men were suspected of terrorism and even though Egypt was well-known to mistreat political opponents in general, and alleged Islamic terrorists in particular, the Swedish government decided to have them transferred. Both Agiza and El Zari later claimed that they were tortured in Egypt. The disclosure resulted in a massive outcry and the Swedish government were heavily criticised by a great number of actors for having violated its international law obligations and Agiza''s and El Zari''s human rights. Sweden, on the other hand, claimed that it had done whatever one could possibly require to ensure that the men were treated correctly, while also making sure that its national security was protected. This claim sheds a light on an old conflict that has been reinforced by the emerge of the globalised threat from terrorism and the violent and repressive responses towards it; namely, how to at once respect state security and human rights.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 92 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -With a society so multifaceted and rooted in ancient traditions, yet highly globalised and modern, India is often giving western businesses mixed messages. This book goes beyond cultural stereotyping and seeks to embrace the paradoxes and the complexity of the Indian culture and describe it through a new perspective. It presents a recent study of Swedish businesses in India and in- depth interviews with the managers as well as the observations from a two-month field study in a industrial multinational company in Bangalore. This study analyzes the critical role that cross-cultural competence has for western managers in India in reaching for organizational goals. Finally it invites the reader to a way of understanding how we can use cross-cultural competence as, not only an advantage but as a key to business success in India.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 88 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Surely, the superhero movie contains certain intrinsic narrative structures and regularly offers an embodied cinematic experience with which it intends to determine its success, but this thesis proposes another influential factor. The traumatic event of 9/11 has undoubtedly shifted the world into another zeitgeist, which consequentially alters our thoughts, our emotions and our state of minds. America has a long history of dealing with these kind of national traumas through their popular culture. It is through film, comic books, music and television that the American people seem to find catharsis in times of fear, anger and despair. This thesis intends to illuminate and explain the superhero movie hype by projecting its success against the post-9/11 zeitgeist, the war on terror and all that this new timeframe entails. This thesis endeavours to clarify how these superhero movies appeal to the post-9/11 public, how they connect with their interests and how they reflect what is on their minds. To support this research, the Spider-Man trilogy will function as case studies throughout the three chapters.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 64 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Adaptation is widely recognized as a pivotal strategy to counter the negative impacts of climate change. Climate related hazards such as droughts, rainfall variability and heat waves are furthermore increasingly attributed to global climatic changes and may directly affect the livelihood of people dependent on the climate. Whilst global knowledge on climate change is appraised at the policy-science interface, the locality of hazardous climatic occurrences should receive more attention. Views at the community level may entail repercussions for effective measures to prevent hazardous climate events from gravely impacting. It is therefore important to take acknowledgement of local responses to climate change and the likelihood of adaptation measures. This work has aimed to map the risk perceptions towards climate change of local farmers in a developing country. A fieldwork research in a river basin in Ghana has been carried out to qualify climate related hazards, to understand vulnerability towards climatic perturbations, to collect these risk perceptions through a questionnaire and to conceptualize adaptation strategies from the perspective of local farming communities.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 104 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -With banking being a relatively clean sector, it has not faced the scrutiny related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) felt by other industries such as oil & gas, forestry and transportation. Recent high profile corporate scandals and accusations of irresponsible behavior, however, have led to organizational crises and are pressuring the banking industry to modify current practices of for instance lending, advising and investment. U.S. banks were the first designated scapegoats when the financial crisis hit in late 2007. However, it quickly became apparent that the banking sector globally, with few exceptions, had been engaged in risky and unsustainable business. This book has issued how the banking sector use CSR in dealing with organizational crises, and how the concept can be useful in efforts to repair the legitimacy and reputation of banks. Norwegian bank DnB NOR and Danish financial services provider Danske Bank have been applied as case examples.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 88 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -A collocation meshless method is developed for the numerical solution of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) on the scattered point distribution. The meshless shape functions are constructed on a group of selected nodes (stencil) arbitrarily distributed in a local support domain by means of a polynomial interpolation. This shape function formulation possesses the Kronecker delta function property, and hence many numerical treatments are as simple as those of the Finite Element Method (FEM). Nearest neighbor algorithm is used for the support domain nodes collection and a search algorithm based on the Gauss-Jordan pivot method is applied to select a suitable stencil for the construction of the shape functions and their derivatives. This search technique is subject to a monitoring procedure which selects appropriate stencil in order to keep the condition number of the resulting linear systems small. Various meshless collocation schemes for the solution of elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic PDEs are investigated for the proposed method. Different types of PDEs are studied as test cases and all of the computational results are examined.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 108 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Public diplomacy and nation branding have recently been important topics in the diplomatic communities around the world and the importance for governments of reaching out to foreign publics has been recognized like never before. This book explores why these concepts have risen to prominence amongst several ministries of foreign affairs, particularly in Europe and North America, lately and have become an integrated part of their diplomatic strategy. Whether public diplomacy and nation branding will contribute to an increased efficiency in reaching foreign policy goals is still unclear and is investigated in detail. From a foundation of a history of diplomatic practice the author explores if this new trend signifies a new era of diplomacy and international relations, or if it is merely an added function in a modern ministry of foreign affairs with little impact on the way diplomacy and communication between states have been conducted. This book will help provide a better understanding of the latest trends in diplomacy for the practitioner, student of international relations or any person with a general interest in diplomacy and political communication.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 80 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Poverty is a pronounced deprivation in well-being. To be poor is to be hunger, to lack shelter and clothing, to be sick and not cared for, to be illiterate and not schooled, to be vulnerable to sick and minor adverse events, and to be voiceless and powerless. Poverty and poverty alleviation issues targeting the poor are very important in policy formulation for developing countries like Ethiopia where majority of the population lives below the poverty line. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are considered as powerful and effective instruments in empowering livelihoods of the poor both socially and economically. Therefore, this book tried to assess the effects of MF services on poverty among the beneficiaries. Delivery of financial services has made positive changes on income, health and on other economic status of the poor.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 84 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -There is substantial evidence that forecasts made by professionals in a variety of fields display a bias that suggests overconfidence or optimism. This paper investigates EU survey data on investment growth forecasts. A review of the existing literature finds a plethora of behavioral reasons for the biases. Consequently, this paper decides to use the Prospect Theory as an explanatory framework. A hypothesis is developed that links the forecasting bias to asymmetric behavior between potential gains and losses as well as risk-seeking and risk-averse behavior among forecasters. It is due to this behavior that actual investments do not equal planned investments, resulting in a positive bias.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 68 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Written in a lucid and readable style, E-commerce and International Taxation; Legal Problems affecting the taxation of Online transactions is rich in information and discussion about problems and challenges that are experienced during this transition period from brick and mortar commerce to electronic commerce, one of them being how and through which means an online transaction can be taxed taking into account that parties are living in different jurisdiction with differing legal systems. Again the existing laws are based more on brick and mortar commerce than e-commerce. The existing ideas of permanent establishment, residence and source are almost loosing their meaning when it comes to online transacting. Goods do not necessarily deliver through physical borders but abstract one.The book will prove very useful to the reader and lay a foundation for further discussion.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 96 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -This research was undertaken with a primary objective to investigate on the factors which are influencing FDI flow to Armenia. Despite of quite liberal FDI policy and the fact that inflows and stocks of foreign total investment to Armenia grew by 43 percent in 2009, Armenia still is not a favorable place for real foreign investors, compared with neighboring countries. Most of the FDI to Armenia are still made by Diaspora investors based on patriotic reasons. For the first phase of the research, secondary information is obtained through examining relevant literature, concerning Armenia. In the second phase, the Dunning eclectic paradigm or the so called OLI paradigm model is applied to determine what factors affect FDI flow to Armenia. For this reason primary research through questionnaires has been conducted with fully or partially foreign companies operating in Armenia. In total 35 questionnaires were collected through e-mails and personal meetings. The results of the research indicate that taxation factors are the most important factors, followed by market and infrastructure factors affecting FDI flow to Armenia.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 72 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -In this globalized world, more and more companies expand their businesses to China,and optimize resources utilization. There are many researches on what the barriers are, and what mode should be chosen to enter Chinese market. In contrast, there''s not much study on topics like how a foreign company can survive in the competitive Chinese market, or how to gain more profit after successfully entering Chinese market. Since most high-tech companies use joint venture mode to enter developing cities instead of developed cities in China, the research question for the book is: does improvement of key internal strategic factors in high- technology joint venture firms which entered developing cities in China within five years lead to higher financial performance The book uses deductive and quantitative methods to analyze data from 99 top managers in high-tech joint venture companies in Tongzhou. The results are found that sales and R&D have significantly positive relationship with financial performance; besides, integration is also a correlated factor.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 84 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Georgia was the most multi-ethnic country when it declared independence from the Soviet Union. With more than 80 ethnic groups represented in Georgia, the issue of national minorities is considered to be very delicate and politically risky. Georgia''s Azeri and Armenian minorities are underrepresented in almost all official decision-making structures and remain considerably alienated from the socio- economic and political life of Georgia. These minorities exhibit a poor knowledge of Georgian language and it effectively hinders their access to higher education, information, representation in public affairs, especially government. The bloody conflict experiences in South Ossetia and Abkhazia have created fears among Georgians, who think other minorities also seek ¿further disintegration¿ of Georgia and have ¿hidden nationalist cravings¿. President Saakashvili has indeed taken some steps to improve the lives of minorities, but the reforms are mainly half-hearted and insufficient when a significant part of the population still does not speak the same language and feel alienated.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 56 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -It is widely acknowledged that FDI plays a significant role in economic development worldwide. FDI brings to the host country not only capital inflows, but also modern technology and know-how. By recognizing the advantages of FDI to the host economy, governments in many developing and transition countries have established IPAs on both national and sub-national levels. This study investigated the role of IPAs in transition economies in attracting FDI. The research focused on Dutch FDI in Russia. The study evaluated the promotional strategies of Russian IPAs to identify their role in attracting Dutch FDI. The research data were collected from the interviews with the consultants to Dutch MNEs and the web survey of major Russian IPAs. Based on the findings, it was identified that Russian IPAs act as the intermediaries of FDI flows between the host country and foreign investors rather than as one of the determinants of FDI. The same conclusion was applied to the role of IPAs in transition economies in attracting FDI.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 92 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Salinity stress is a worldwide problem, it is considered to be a significant factor affecting crop production and agricultural sustainability in many regions of the world and it reduces the value and productivity of the affected land. It has a major impact on crop production in arid and semi-arid regions and causes an agricultural problem under rain fed conditions when annual precipitation is not enough to leach excessive salts and prevent salt accumulation in the root zone. Therefore, the objective of this work was intended to study the effect of mineral fertilization to alleviate salinity hazards on the growth, mineral and chemical composition of Valencia orange budded on two citrus rootstock seedlings namely; sour orange ( Citrus aurantium L. ) Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana Tan. and Pasq). Moreover, the study aimed to compare the two rootstocks from the standpoint of salt tolerance.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 112 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Safety issues in schools have become a current academic concern in Indonesia. In recent years, the phenomenon of so called bullying has disrupted academic stability in most schools, particularly in urban areas. This, of course, escalated public concern and forced schools to respond to public''s horror. Weather or not the phenomenon can be categorized as real bullying, all depends on how students and teachers perceive the features of bullying based on what they understand. This book, which is based on a research study conducted in Indonesia, gives an insight on how students and teachers in two secondary schools in the city of Palu perceive bullying and to what extent bullying has been widespread in the schools. Also, this book presents an analysis of what forms of aggression (proactive and/or reactive) are associated with bullying behavior, and what motives of aggression (power related and/or affiliation related) are associated with bullying behavior among the students.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 120 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -The case study was made in the area of Kiru Valley, Tanzania, in order to study the conflicts over the water in the river Dodumera, and also to understand how the villages Mawemairo, Matufa and Mapea have been affected by the construction of the IFAD irrigation scheme. The aim was to connect the conflicts in the area with a general view of how water can create such conflicts. The method used in the case study was semi-structured interviews. The results from the interviews made with farmers and officials in Kiru Valley was analysed through general theories about water conflicts and theories about governing common-pool resources, such as Ostrom¿s eight principles and the theory the Tragedy of the Commons. The analysis was also made through the IFAD poverty reduction strategy programme (PRSP). The IFAD project has been very successful and has contributed to an increase of livelihood and development in the villages. However, the scheme has contributed to a decrease of water availability in the Dodumera River for Mapea. On the other hand, the scheme has helped to reduce the conflicts between the farmers in Mawemairo and Matufa.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 60 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Working less heavily or stopped to work were positively associated to the birth of healthy child. Working less heavily during the time of pregnancy had only small risk of having the birth of low weight child. Moreover, reduction in both household and outside work or stopped to do either of the work may have higher risk preterm birth and cesarean delivery. Small reduction or working same as before, in either of the work associated with the birth of healthy child.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 96 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Theory essentially holds, that the more capital one posses'', the more they will prosper within modern society. The Voorlees Express is a reading project in the Netherlands designed for children and since it''s introduction in 2006 the project has worked to ease some of the socio-cultural challenges associated with becoming an increasingly globalized nation. Recently receiving national media attention, a visit from the Dutch Princess Maxima and the 2010 European Language-Label Award (Europees Talenlabel) for innovative language education, it is concluded in this sociological investigation that the Voorlees Express is indeed a favorable starting point for non-native Dutch people to increase their levels of both social and cultural capital.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 72 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condizione: Neu. Neuware -Sex Workers (SW) sale sex for livelihood & endorse it as occupation. Although commercial sex work exists as occupation for ages,almost all societies either attempt to simply deny or hide its existence or not been able to deal with it . In Bangladesh,approximately 100,000 FSWs are in operation,they are either organized in brothels or work independently in hotel or residence. 80% of them start working as SW before their 18th birth day.they are illiterate.They are not allowed to wear shoes or sandals outside the brothel. Even death fails to end their misery,regardless of religion they are denied for the formality of funeral. After a long horrific history of abuse, torture and neglect, country formally legalized prostitution in 2000 which set ground for Bangladesh to be one of the few Islamic countries that do not 'officially' ban prostitution. It''s a human nature that they tend to secure livelihood for old age. But SWs have no preparation for retirement,they are not always aware of savings and sometimes have little scope to save money.They fail to ensure proper education for children due to social stigma and fail to buy assets and lands, unable to build house, shelters etc.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 64 pp. Englisch.