Articoli correlati a The Handbook of Political Behavior: 1
Sinossi
On Revolutions That Never Were "If you want to understand what a science is," the anthropologist Clifford Geertz (1973, p. 5) has written, "you should look in the first instance not at its theories or its findings, and certainly not at what its apologists say about it; you should look at what the practitioners of it do. " If it is not always possible to follow this instruction, it is because the rate of change in scientific work is rapid and the growth of publications reporting on this work is great. It is therefore the task of a handbook, like this Hand book of Political Behavior, to summarize and evaluate what the practi tioners report. But it is always prudent to keep in mind that a handbook is only a shortcut and that there is no substitute for looking directly at what the practitioners of a science do. For when scientists are "at work" (Walter, 1971), the image of what they are doing is often quite different from that conveyed in the "briefs" that, in their own way, make a hand book so valuable that we cannot do without it. These reflections set the stage.
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Contenuti
1 Political Psychology: a Whig History.- Some Intellectual Predecessors of Political Psychology.- The Dawn of Modern Psychology.- Wilhelm Wundt.- William James.- Psychoanalysis and the Instincts.- William McDougall.- Behaviorism.- Political Psychology Emerges in the Twentieth Century.- Graham Wallas.- Harold Lasswell.- Junius Flagg Brown.- The Lasswellian Era: 1930–1950.- B. F. Skinner: Radical Behaviorism.- Focus on the Child.- Attitudes.- Psychology and Social Issues.- Kurt Lewin.- Learning Theory and Psychoanalysis.- Need Hierarchy Theory.- Authoritarianism and Alienation: The 1950s.- Criticism of the Authoritarian Personality.- Personality and Ideology.- Riesman and Erikson.- Social Psychology.- Hyman’s Political Socialization.- The New Frontier in Political Psychology: Personal Efficacy and Involvement in the 1960s.- The American Voter.- Social Motivation: The Concept of Competence.- Learned Motives: The Need for Achievement.- Powerlessness and Personal Control.- Psychology, Intergroup Conflict, and Aggression.- Psychological Conceptions of Political Leaders.- Political Socialization and the Study of Student Activists.- Mapping the Causes of Political Behavior.- The Escalation of Psychological Approaches in the 1970s.- Political Psychology Emerges as a Self-Conscious Discipline.- Problems of Conception, Integration, and Ethics.- Some Current Research Topics.- “Psychological” Variables: A Theoretical Note.- Personality: Normal and Deviant.- Types and Traits.- Social Psychological Approaches.- Summary and Concluding Statement.- References.- 2 Perception and Cognition: an Information-Processing Framework for Politics.- Some Problems in Behavioral Research on Politics.- Problematic Assumptions about Political Behavior.- Problems in Measuring Political Behavior.- The Absence of Grounded Concepts.- Toward Integrated Models of Thought, Behavior, and Political Process.- Perception and Cognition: Clarifying the Concepts.- The Interaction of Perception and Cognition in Sensory Processes.- The Perceptual and Cognitive Foundations of Emotions.- Learning, Perception, and Culture.- Logical Arguments for and against the Independence of Perception and Cognition.- A Framework for Clarifying the Relations between Perception and Cognition.- Perception and Politics.- The Relevance of Perception Variables for Political Analysis.- Theories of Perception and Their Applications to Political Analysis.- Psychophysics and the Split Brain: Some Ordering Principles for Flexible Models of Perception.- Cataloging the Variables in Perception Research.- Perception: The Simple and the Complex of It.- Cognition and Politics.- The Foundations of Cognition: Learning and Memory.- Cognitive Development.- Styles of Political Thought.- New Conceptions of Belief Systems.- Conclusion: The Relations between Political Thought and Political Behavior.- References.- 3 Psychobiography and Psychohistory.- Definition.- Varieties of Explanation.- Psychobiography: Causal Explanations of Individuals.- In-Depth Review.- Extensive Review.- Psychobiography: Coherent Whole Explanations of Individuals.- In-Depth Review.- Extensive Review.- Social Psychohistory: Causal Explanations of Group Behavior.- In-Depth Review.- Extensive Review.- Social Psychohistory: Coherent Whole Explanations of Group Behavior.- In-Depth Review.- Extensive Review.- What Is to Be Done?.- References.- 4 Political Learning.- The Study of Political Learning.- A Behaviorist Stimulus-Response Model of Political Learning.- Classical Conditioning.- Instrumental Behaviors.- Generalization and Discrimination in Instrumental Learning.- Nonexperiential Learning.- Observational Modeling.- Symbolic Learning.- Symbol Manipulation.- Related Cognitive Processes.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5 Community Psychology.- Historical Events in the Formation of Community Psychology.- Issues in the Definition of Community Psychology.- Problems of Knowledge Base.- Problems of Professional Role Definition.- Problems of Community Settings.- Problems of Training and Personnel.- Models of Community Psychology.- Mental Health Model.- Organizational Model.- Social Action Model.- Ecological Model.- Persistent Common Concerns.- Social Roles.- Citizen Participation.- Toward a Psychology of the Community.- Perspectives on Community Problems.- The Problem of Community Settings.- References.
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