Light - Brossura

Ditchburn, R. W.

Brossura

ISBN 10: 0486666670 ISBN 13: 9780486666679

Casa editrice: Dover Pubns, 2003

Riassunto

This classic study, available for the first time in paperback, clearly demonstrates how quantum theory is a natural development of wave theory, and how these two theories, once thought to be irreconcilable, together comprise a single valid theory of light. Aimed at students with an intermediate-level knowledge of physics, the book first offers a historical introduction to the subject, then covers topics such as wave theory, interference, diffraction, Huygens' Principle, Fermat's Principle, and the accuracy of optical measurements.
Additional topics include the velocity of light, relativistic optics, polarized light, electromagnetic theory, and the quantum theory of radiation. The more difficult mathematics has been placed in appendixes, or in separated paragraphs in small type, intended to be omitted on first reading. Examples and/or references follow each chapter to assist the student in absorbing the material and to suggest additional resources.

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Contenuti

CHAPTER I HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 1.1. The Scientific Picture 1.6. Light in Relation to Biological Science 1.9. Ligh in Relation to Physical Science 1.10. Waves or Corpuscles 1.11. Rays of Light 1.12. Interference 1.13. Development of the Wave Theory 1.14. Electromagnetic Theory 1.15. The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1.16. Photons 1.17. Relativity Theory 1.18. Modern Quantum Theory EXAMPLES [1(i)-l(vi)] CHAPTER II WAVE THEORY-INTRODUCTION 2.1. Fundamental Ideas 2.3. The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 2.4. Experimental Observations 2.5. Equations of Motion EXAMPLES [2(i)-2(vi)] EXAMPLES [2(vii) and 2(viii)] 2.8. Vector Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion 2.9. Equation of Propagation-One Dimension 2.11. Wavelength and Wavelength Constant 2.12. Phase EXAMPLES [2(ix)-2(xi)] 2.13. Propagation of Waves in Three Dimensions 2.14. Plane Waves 2.15. The Wave Equation EXAMPLES [ 2(xii)-2(xv)] 2.16. The Velocity of Propagation 2.17. Waves on a Rod 2.18. Transport of Energy and Momentum 2.20. Spherical Waves-Inverse Square Law 2.21. Photometry-Definitions 2.22. Doppler-Fizeau Principle 2.26. Representation of Wave Motion by Complex Quantities EXAMPLES [2(xvi)-2(xviii)] REFERENCES CHAPTER III WAVE THEORY-COMBINATION OF WAVE MOTIONS 3.1. Principle of Superposition 3.3. Addition of Simple Harmonic Motions 3.4. Algebraic Method 3.5. Vector Method EXAMPLES [3(i)-3(vi)] 3.8. Huygens' Principle 3.11. Reflection and Refraction at Plane Surfaces 3.13. Wave Theory of Reflection and Refraction 3.14. Reflection and Refraction at Spherical Surfaces: Mirrors and Lenses EXAMPLES [3(vii)-3(viii)] 3.17. Dispersion 3.20. Stationary Waves 3.22. Wiener's Experiment 3.26. Coefficient of Reflection-Normal Incidence 3.30. Optical Path Differnce 3.31. Corpuscular Theory of Reflection and Refraction EXAMPLES [3(ix)-3(xv)] CHAPTER IV REPRESENTATION OF LIGHT BY WAVE TRAINS OF FINITE LENGTH 4.1. Sources of Light. Types of Spectra 4.2. Line Spectra and Continuous Spectra 4.3. Band Spectra 4.4. Infra-red and Ultra-violet Spectra 4.5. Absorption Spectra 4.6. Atomic Oscillators 4.8. The Michelson Interferometer 4.10. Visibility of the Fringes 4.15. Waves of Irregular Profile 4.17. Fourier's Series 4.19. Fourier's Integral 4.21. The Gaussian Wave Group 4.25. Width of Spectral Lines 4.28. Propagation of a Wave Group in a Dispersive Medium 4.29. Group Velocity 4.32. Representation of Light by Wave Groups 4.33. White Light EXAMPLES [4(i)-4(ix)] REFERENCES APPENDIX IV A-Adjustment of the Michelson Interferometer APPENDIX IV B-Fourier Series and Fourier's Integral Theorem Analysis of a sharply limited Wave Train Profile for sharply limited Wave Band Distribution of Energy for a Damped Harmonic Wave The Gaussian Wave Group Progress of the Wave Group in a Dispersive Medium CHAPTER V INTERFERENCE 5.1. Law of Photometric Summation 5.3. Coherent and Non-coherent Beams of Light 5.5. Formation of Interference Fringes 5.7. Interference between Two Sources Side by Side 5.12. Interference produced by Thin Films 5.14. Visibility of the Fringes 5.16. Fringes as Loci of Constant Path Difference 5.17. Fringes of Constant Inclination 5.18. Fringes of Constant Optical Thickness 5.19. Newton's Rings EXAMPLES [5(i)-5(ix)] 5.20. Localization of Interference Fringes 5.22. Non-reflecting Films 5.24. High-efficiency Reflecting Films EXAMPLES [5(x)-5(xii)] 5.26. Interference with Multiple Beams 5.29. Fabry-Pérot Interferometer 5.30. Lummer-Gehrcke Plate 5.31. Edser-Butler Method of Calibrating a Spectrograph EXAMPLES [5(xiii)-5(xvi)] 5.32. Fringes of Superposition 5.34. Achromatic Fringes 5.36. Achromatic Systems of Fringes 5.40. Interference Filters EXAMPLES [5(xvii)-5(xix)] REFERENCES CHAPTER VI DIFFRACTION 6.1 General Character of the Observations 6.3. Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction 6.5. Theory of Diffraction. The General Problem 6.10. Extension of the Concept of a Wave Group 6.12. Beam of Finite Width-One Dimension 6.13. St. Venant's Hypothesis 6.14. Beam restricted in Two Dimensions 6.15. Diffraction at a Rectangular Aperture 6.16. Diffraction at a Circular Aperture 6.17. Diffraction with a Slit Source 6.18. Diffraction by a Number of Similar Apertures 6.21. Babinet's Theorem 6.22. Diffraction by a Number of Circular Apertures or Obstacles 6.23. Young's Eriometer 6.24. Diffraction by Reflecting Screens 6.25. Diffraction by a Screen not Coincident with a Wave Surface 6.26. "Laws of Rectilinear Propagation, Reflection and Refraction" 6.27. Diffraction Gratings 6.28. The Functions f(U) and F(NW) 6.30. Distribution of Light among the Principal Maxima 6.31. Diffraction Grating Spectra 6.32. Overlapping of Orders 6.33. Gratings Ruled on Glass or Metal 6.36. Echelette Gratings 6.39. The Michelson Echelon Grating 6.40. The Michelson-Williams Reflecting Echelon 6.41. Theory of the Reflecting Echelon EXAMPLES [6(i)-6(x)] REFERENCES APPENDIX VI A-Kirchhoff's Diffraction Formula APPENDIX VI B-The Concave Grating CHAPTER VII HUYGEN'S PRINCIPLE AND FERMAT'S PRINCIPLE 7.1. Development of Huygens' Principle 7.2. Fresnel's Method EXAMPLES [7(i)-7(iv)] 7.5. Kirchhoff's Analysis 7.6. Elimination of the Reverse Wave 7.7. Diffraction at a Circular Apterture 7.8. Diffraction by a Circular Obstacle EXAMPLES [7(v)-7(viii)] 7.11. The Zone Plate 7.15. Fresnel's Integrals 7.17. Cornu's Spiral 7.21. Diffraction at a Straight Edge 7.22. Rectilinear Propagation 7.23. Fermat's Principle 7.26. Guoy's Experiment 7.27. Relation between Wave and Ray Optics 7.28. Ray and Wave Normals 7.29. Rays in Relation to Wave Groups 7.30. Fermat's Principle as a General Statement of the Laws of Ray Optics EXAMPLES [7(ix)-7(xvii)] REFERENCES CHAPTER VIII THE ACCURACY OF OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS 8.1. Imperfections in Images due to Diffraction 8.2. The Rayleigh Criterion 8.5. Limit of Resolution for a Telescope EXAMPLES [8(i)-8(iii)] 8.7. Limit of Resolution for the Eye 8.8. Useful and Empty Magnification 8.9. Resolving Power of a Prism Spectroscope 8.10. Resolving Power of a Grating Spectroscope 8.12. The Rayleigh Limit of Aberration 8.13. Accuracy of Measurements with Mirror and Scale EXAMPLES [8(iv)-8(xi)] 8.14. Development of the Theory of Resolving Power 8.18. Resolving Power of the Fabry-Pérot Etalon 8.19. Resolving Power of a Microscope 8.20. Resolution with Non-coherent Illumination 8.21. Abbe Theory of Resolution with Coherent Illumination 8.26. Representation of Detail in an Object seen through a Microscope 8.29. Phase-contrast Microscope 8.31. Optimum Magnification 8.32. Purity of a Spectrum obtained with White Light 8.36. Talbot's Bands EXAMPLES [8(xii)-8(xv)] REFERENCES CHAPTER IX MEASUREMENTS WITH INTERFEROMETERS 9.2. Classification by Type of Interference 9.4. Classification of Uses of Interferometer 9.5. The Testing of Optical Components 9.6. The Twyman-Green Interferometer 9.11. Fizeau Method 9.15. Multiple-beam Fringes 9.16. Testing of Mechanical Gauges EXAMPLES [9(i)-9(vii)] 9.18. The Double Interferometer 9.20. Measurement of Mechanical Displacements 9.21 Measurement of Refractive Index and of Small Differences of Index 9.29. The Jamin Refractometer EXAMPLES [9(viii)-9(xiii)] 9.30. Measurement of Wavelength 9.31. Comparison of Wavelengths by Coincidences 9.32. Comparison of Wavelengths by Exact Fractions EXAMPLES [9(xiv)-9(xvii)] 9.38. Comparison between Optical and Mechanical Standards of Length 9.44. Recent Work on Standards of Length 9.50. Investigations of Hyperfine Structure REFERENCES CHAPTER X THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT 10.1. Historical 10.2. General Review of Methods 10.3. Indirect Methods 10.5. Römer's Method 10.6. Fizeau's Method 10.7. Rotating-mirror Method 10.11. The Kerr Cell Optical-shutter Method 10.12. Discussion of Results 10.13. Group Velocity or Wave Velocity 10.15. Recent Work 10.18. Variation of Velocity with Refractive Index EXAMPLES [10(i)-10(v)] REFERENCES CHAPTER XI RELATIVISTIC OPTICS 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Relatve Velocity of Earth and Aether 11.4. The Michelson-Morley Experiment 11.7. The FitzGerald-Lorentz Contraction 11.8. Special Theory of Relativity 11.12. Dilation of Time and Contraction of Space 11.14. Experiments in which Source and Observer are in Relative Motion EXAMPLES [11(i)-11(v)] 11.15. Radial Doppler Effect 11.16. Transverse Doppler Effect-Dilation of Time EXAMPLES [11(vi)-11(vii)] 11.18. Reflection of Light by a Moving Mirror EXAMPLES [11(viii)-11(x)] 11.19. Aberraton Experiments 11.20. Experiments with a Moving Medium 11.21. General Theory of Relativity 11.23. Refraction of Light Rays in a Gravitational Field 11.24. Displacement of Lines in a Gravitational Field 11.25. Interference in a Rotating System EXAMPLE 11(xi) 11.29. The Nebular Red-shift 11.32. Relation between Mass and Energy 11.34. "Mass, Momentum and Energy of the Photon" REFERENCES CHAPTER XII POLARIZED LIGHT 12.1. Scalar and Vector Wave Theories 12.2. The Experiment of Malus 12.3. Definition of the Plane of Polarization 12.4. Brewster's Law 12.5. Polarization by Transmission 12.6. Double Refraction 12.10. Malus' Law 12.11. Methods of producing Plane-polarized Light 12.12. "Nicol, Foucault, and Glan-Thompson Prisms" 12.13. Polarization by Absorption 12.14. Uses of Polarizing Devices 12.15. Interaction of Beams of Plane-polarized Light 12.18. Circularly Polarized Light and Elliptically Polarized Light EXAMPLES [12(i)-12(vi)] 12.20. Huygens' Wave Surface in Crystals 12.21. Verification of Huygens' Wave Surface for Uniaxial Crystals 12.22. Transmission of Plane-polarized Light in a Thin Anisotropic Plate 12.25. Quarter-wave Plate 12.26. Two or more Plates in Series EXAMPLES [12(vii)-12(xiv)] 12.27. Analysis of Polarized Light 12.29. Representation of Unpolarized Light EXAMPLES [12(xv)-12(xvi)] 12.33. The Babinet Compensator 12.35. Rotatory Polarization 12.38. Dispersion of Birefringence and Optical Rotation EXAMPLES [12(xvii)-12(xxi)] 12.44. The Biquartz 12.45. Saccharimetry 12.48. Light Beats EXAMPLES [12(xxii)-12(xxx)] REFERENCES CHAPTER XIII THE ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY 13.1. Development of the Theory 13.3. Mathematical Methods 13.4. Definitions of E and H 13.5. Definition of Charge Density and Current 13.6. Polarization of a Material Medium 13.7. Maxwell's Equations 13.8. Waves in an Insulating Medium 13.9. The Velocity of Light 13.10. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves EXAMPLES [13(i)-13(vii)] 13.11. Superposition of Electromagnetic Waves 13.12. Representation of Polarized Light 13.13. Energy of the Electromagnetic Field 13.14. Poynting's Theorem 13.15. Momentum of the Electromagnetic Waves EXAMPLES [13(viii)-13(x)] REFERENCES APPENDIX XIII A-Representation of the Electromagnetic Field by Potentials Analysis of the Electromagnetic Field Number of Standing Waves between w and w + dw APPENDIX XIII B-Radiation from a Dipole Scattering by Free Electrons Scattering by Bound Electrons Multipole Radiation CHAPTER XIV THE ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 14.1. Boundary Conditions 14.2. Laws of Reflection and Refraction 14.8. Reflection Coefficients 14.9. Degree of Polarization 14.10. Rotation of the Plane of Polarization 14.11. Change of Phase on Reflection EXAMPLES [14(i)-14(iv)] 14.12. Stationary Waves EXAMPLES [14(v)-14(vi)] 14.15. Total Reflection EXAMPLES [14(vii)-14(x)] 14.16. Disturbance in the Second Medium 14.17. Experimental Test of the Theory of Reflection and Refraction REFERENCES CHAPTER XV THE ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF ABSORPTION AND DISPERSION 15.5. Transmission of Light in an Absorbing Medium EXAMPLES [15(i)-15(iv)] 15.6. Reflection of Light by an Absorbing Medium 15.7. Reflection at Normal Incidence EXAMPLE [15(v)] 15.8. Reflection at Oblique Incidence 15.10. Principal Angle of Incidence 15.11. Principal Azimuth 15.12. Comparison of Theory and Experiment EXAMPLE [15(vi)] 15.13. Optical Constants of Metals 15.18. Dispersion Theory. Dielectric Media 15.24. Dispersion in Regions of Small Absorption 15.25. Dispersion of Gases in Regions remote from Absorption Lines 15.26. Molecular Refractivity 15.27. Region of Absorption 15.28. Measurement of the f-Value 15.30. Absorption in Liquids and Solids 15.31. "The "Reststrahlen" 15.32. Dispersion Formulæ for Metals EXAMPLE [15(vii)] EXAMPLES [15(viii) and 15(ix)] 15.41. The Relation between Dispersion and Molecular Scattering 15.44 Relation between k and µ EXAMPLES [15(x) and 15(xi)] EXAMPLES [15(xii)] 15.47. Other Types of Scattering APPENDIX XV A-The Refracted Wave in an Absorbing Medium REFERENCES CHAPTER XVI ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 16.1. Optical and Electrical Anisotropy 16.5. The Ray in an Anisotropic Medium 16.6. Propagation of Plane Waves EXAMPLE [16(i)] 16.7 "Angular Relations between D, E, H, s, and ?" EXAMPLES [16(v) and 16(viii)] 16.9 Rate of Transport of Energy. Ray Velocity 16.10 Properties of the Ray EXAMPLES [16(ix)-16(xi)] EXAMPLES [16(xii) and16(xiii)] EXAMPLE [16(xiv)] 16.13. Direction of the Ray 16.14. The Wave Surface or Ray Surface 16.16. Identity of the Ray Surface and the Wave Surface 16.17 The Normal Surface 16.18. Difference of the Two Phase Velocities for a Given Direction of the Wave Normal 16.19. The Wave Surface in Uniaxial Crystals 16.20. Double Refration 16.24. Conical Refraction 16.31. Transmission of Convergent

Product Description

This classic study presents a single theory of light, integrating two theories previously thought to be irreconcilable. The author shows that quantum theory is a natural development of wave theory, and that together they constitute a single valid theory of light. Aimed at students with an intermediate-level knowledge of physics.

Dettagli dell?edizione

• Editore: Dover Pubns
• Data di pubblicazione: 2003
• Lingua: Inglese
• ISBN 10: 0486666670
• ISBN 13: 9780486666679
• Rilegatura: Copertina flessibile
• Numero di pagine: 736
• Contatto del produttore: non disponibile
• Persona responsabile: Soc. Agr. La Raia Ss; http://www.la-raia.it; ; Strada Monterotondo, 79; Novi Ligure; 15067; Italia