Some of the newest and most exciting developments in functional foods are products that claim to influence mood and enhance both mental and physical performance. This important collection examines the range of ingredients used in these 'performance' functional foods, their effects, and the evidence supporting functional benefits. After an introductory review of market trends, contributing authors discuss recent research on the interactions between food, stress, and mood, looking in particular at the role of carbohydrates. They review current evidence regarding the impact of various nutrients and herbal ingredients on mood and cognitive performance, including St. John's wort and kava kava. They also discuss the range of medicinal plants that have been associated with improvements in mental and physical performance. The authors then delve into particular topics such as phyto-oestrogens and cognitive function, the functional benefits of ginseng, ginkgo biloba and Alzheimer's disease, polyphenols and, finally, the impact of caffeine on mental performance and mood. A key issue in ensuring long term growth in this sector is to consolidate research on the complex links between nutrition, functional ingredients, mood, and cognitive performance. With its distinguished international team of contributors, Performance Functional Foods does exactly that to provide an up-to-date review of this innovative product.
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Preface
Introduction
Interactions between Stress, Food and Mood
C. R. Markus
University of Masstricht, Belgium
Introduction
Brain Mechanisms Involved in Mood
Food, the Brain and Mood
Carbohydrates and Mood
Interactions between Stress, Food and Mood
Conclusions and Future Trends
References
Mood, Cognitive Function, Nutritional and Other Supplements
P. Clayton
Consultant and former Senior Scientific Advisor to the UK Government Committee on the Safety of Medicines
Introduction
B Vitamins
Antioxidants
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Phospholipids
Other Nutritional Factors
Herbal and Other Supplements
References
The Range of Medicinal Plants Influencing Mental and Physical Performance
T. S. C. Li
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Introduction
Medicinal Plants, Mental and Physical Performance
Functions of Medicinal Plants on Mental and Physical Performance
Effects of Medicinal Plants on Mental and Physical Performance
Concerns about the Safety and Quality of Medicinal Plants
Future Trends
Sources of Further Information and Advice
References
Phyto-oestrogens and Cognitive Function
S. Kreijkamp-Kaspers and Y. T van der Schouw
University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
Introduction
Cognitive Function
Conventional Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cognition
Phyto-oestrogens
Effects on Cognitive Function: Animal Studies
Effects on Cognitive Function: Human Studies
Summary and Conclusion
References
Ginseng
D. D. Kitts and D. G. Popovich
University of British Columbia, Canada
Introduction
Chemistry of Ginseng
Detection and Extraction of Bioactive Components from Ginseng
Bioactivity and Metabolism of Ginseng Extracts
Anti-stress and Cognitive Performance Properties
Immunological and Antioxidant Properties
Bioactivity of Specific Ginsenosides
Non-ginsenoside Bioactivity
The Safety of Ginseng
Quality Control and Use in Food
Future Trends
References
Ginkgo Biloba and Alzheimer's Disease
B. D. Oomah
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Introduction
Chemistry
Functional Effects
Role in Managing Alzheimer's Disease
Safety Issues
Conclusion
References
Functional Ingredients in Sports Drinks
R. J. Maughan
Aberdeen University Medical School, UK
Introduction: Challenges of Athletic Performance
Formulation of Sports Drinks: Carbohydrate Content
Formulation of Sports Drinks: Osmolality
Formulation of Sports Drinks: Electrolyte Composition and Concentration
Formulation of Sports Drinks: Flavouring Components
Future Trends: Other Active Ingredients
Sources of Further Information and Advice
References
Pharmacological Functions of Green Tea Polyphenols
T. P. Rao, T. Okubo, D-C. Chu and L. R. Juneja
Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd, Japan
Introduction
Antibacterial activity
Antiviral activity
Antioxidant functions
Conclusions
References
Caffeine, Mental Performance and Mood
J. E. James
National University of Ireland
Introduction
Sources of Caffeine and Consumption Patterns
Chemistry and Pharmacology
Biological Mechanism of Action and Dependence
Psychomotor Performance
Cognitive Performance
The Caffeine Deprivation (Withdrawal Relief) Hypothesis
Mood
Reinforcing Properties of Caffeine
Challenges to the Caffeine Deprivation Hypothesis
Future Trends
Sources of Further Information
Acknowledgement
References
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