Comprehensive Virology: 17 Methods Used in the Study of Viruses - Brossura

Robert R. Wagner, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat

Brossura

ISBN 10: 1461566959 ISBN 13: 9781461566953

Casa editrice: Springer US, 1981

Riassunto

The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science, having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming and num­ bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively few new­ truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics, biochemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000 pages in a total of about 18 volumes, represents a commitment by a large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in perspective, and to develop an invalua­ ble reference and sourcebook for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated concepts.

Su questo libro

Contenuti

1 Biophysical Methods in Virus Research.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Viscosity.- 3. Diffusion.- 3.1. Theory.- 3.2. Porous Disk Method.- 3.3. Free Diffusion.- 3.4. Gel Diffusion.- 3.5. Immunodiffusion.- 4. Centrifugation.- 4.1. Theory.- 4.2. Interpretation of Sedimentation Coefficients.- 4.3. Differential Centrifugation.- 4.4. Density Gradient Sedimentation.- 5. Sedimentation Equilibrium.- 5.1. Theory.- 5.2. Density Gradient Sedimentation Equilibrium.- 6. Chromatography.- 6.1. Countercurrent Distribution.- 6.2. Column Chromatography.- 6.3. Paper Chromatography.- 6.4. Thin-Layer Chromatography.- 6.5. Molecular Exclusion Chromatography.- 7. Electrophoresis.- 7.1. Theory.- 7.2. Measurement of Field Strength.- 7.3. Moving Boundary Method.- 7.4. Electrophoresis in Support Media.- 7.5. Electrofocusing.- 7.6. Continuous-Flow Electrophoresis.- 7.7. Immunoelectrophoresis.- 8. Osmotic Pressure.- 9. Light Scatter.- 9.1. Theory.- 9.2. Turbidity.- 9.3. Angular Dependence.- 9.4. Scattering from Large Particles.- 9.5. Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering.- 9.6. Intensity Fluctuation of Scattered Light.- 10. Theory of Electron Microscopy.- 10.1. Historical Review.- 10.2. Problems.- 11. References.- 2 Use of Electron Microscopy in Virology.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Historical Background.- 1.2. The Microscope.- 2. Specimen Methods.- 2.1. Support Films, Shadowing, and Staining.- 2.2. Cytological Techniques.- 2.3. Negative Staining.- 2.4. Spreading Techniques (with and without Monofilms).- 2.5. Freeze-Drying, Freeze-Etching, and Related Techniques.- 2.6. Measuring and Counting Virus Particles and Components.- 3. Survey of Results.- 3.1. General Characterization of Virus Particles.- 3.2. Capsid Structure and Virus Classification.- 3.3. Viral Nucleic Acids.- 3.4. Reconstitution, Assembly, and Virus Maturation.- 3.5. Growth and Replication of Viruses.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- 3 Structural Studies of Viruses with X-Rays and Neutrons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Physical Basis of X-Ray and Neutron Scattering.- 2.1. Single Crystal Diffraction.- 2.2. Oriented Gels.- 2.3. Virus Solutions.- 2.4. Experimental Considerations.- 3. Structures of Spherical Viruses.- 3.1. Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus.- 3.2. Southern Bean Mosaic Virus.- 3.3. Satellite Tobacco Necrosis Virus.- 3.4. Other Small RNA Plant Viruses.- 3.5. General Remarks on the Structure of Small RNA Plant Viruses.- 3.6. DNA Plant Viruses.- 3.7. Spherical Bacteriophages.- 3.8. Spherical Animal Viruses.- 4. Helicoidal Viruses.- 4.1. Tobacco Mosaic Virus.- 4.2. Other Helical Plant Viruses.- 4.3. Filamentous Bacteriophages.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- 4 Serological Methods in the Identification and Characterization of Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reagents.- 2.1. Viral Antigens.- 2.2. Antisera.- 3. Neutralization.- 3.1. Mechanism of Neutralization.- 3.2. Virus Sensitization.- 3.3. Methods.- 4. Agglutination.- 4.1. Viral Hemagglutination.- 4.2. Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests.- 4.3. Passive Hemagglutination.- 4.4. Latex Test.- 5. Precipitation.- 5.1. Quantitative Precipitin Tests in Tubes.- 5.2. Microprecipitin Tests in Droplets.- 5.3. Immunoprecipitation.- 5.4. Double Diffusion.- 5.5. Radial Immunodiffusion.- 5.6. Radial Hemolysis.- 5.7. Immunoelectrophoretic Techniques.- 6. Tests with Labeled Antibodies.- 6.1. Immunofluorescence.- 6.2. Immunoenzymatic Tests.- 6.3. Radioimmunoassay.- 7. Complement Fixation.- 7.1. Microplate Technique.- 7.2. Quantitative Microcomplement Fixation Test.- 8. Immunoelectron Microscopy.- 8.1. Clumping.- 8.2. Decoration.- 8.3. Trapping.- 9. Applications of Serological Methods.- 9.1. Diagnosis.- 9.2. Evaluation of Vaccines.- 9.3. Studies of Virus Structure.- 9.4. Studies of Viral Replication.- 9.5. Virus Classification.- 10. References.- 5 Chemical Modification of Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reagents Used for Virus Modification.- 2.1. Acylating Agents.- 2.2. Aldehydes, Ketones, and Reductive Alkylation.- 2.3. Halogenating Agents.- 2.4. Alkylating and Arylating Agents.- 2.5. Pyrimidine Modifications (Amines, Bisulfite, etc.).- 2.6. Imidoesters.- 2.7. Nitrous Acid (HNO2).- 2.8. Sulfhydryl Reagents.- 2.9. Other Reagents.- 3. Modifications for Specific Purposes.- 3.1. Location of Viral Components.- 3.2. Isomorphic Replacement for X-Ray Diffraction Strains.- 3.3. For Inactivation and Mutagenesis.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 6 Photobiology of RNA Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Scope.- 1.2. Photochemical Background.- 2. Plant Viruses.- 2.1. Rigid-Rod Viruses: TMV.- 2.2. Flexuous-Rod Viruses: PVX.- 2.3. Polyhedral and Other Viruses.- 2.4. Viroids.- 3. RNA Bacteriophages.- 3.1. General.- 3.2. Effect of UV on the Infectious Cycle of RNA Phages.- 3.3. Molecular Basis for the Action of UV on RNA Phages.- 3.4. Photoreactivation of RNA.- 3.5. Variants of Q? Bacteriophage.- 4. Animal Viruses.- 4.1. Vesicular Stomatitus Virus.- 4.2. Picornaviruses.- 4.3. Retroviruses.- 5. Conclusion.- 5.1. Photochemistry of RNA.- 5.2. Photochemistry of Capsid Proteins.- 5.3. Biology of UV-Induced Killing.- 5.4. Repair of RNA.- 5.5. Uses of UV Radiation in RNA Virology.- 6. References.- 7 The Photobiology of the DNA Viruses ?,T4, and ?X174.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Solar Ultraviolet.- 1.2. Laboratory UV Sources.- 1.3. The Poisson Distribution.- 1.4. Photochemistry of DNA.- 1.5. UV-Sensitive Mutants of E.coli.- 2. ? Phage.- 2.1. UV Induction of ? Phage.- 2.2. Host Cell Reactivation (Hcr).- 2.3. Multiplicity Reactivation.- 2.4. UV-Enhanced Recombination.- 2.5. Weigle Reactivation (WR) and Weigle Mutagenesis (WM).- 2.6. Prophage Reactivation.- 2.7. Photoreactivation.- 2.8. UV Sensitivity and UV Mutagenesis of Lysogenic E. coli.- 3. UV Effects on Bacteriophage T4 (T2 and T6).- 3.1. T4 as a Phage.- 3.2. Origins of the Study of U V Effects on T-Even Phage.- 3.3. T4 Phage Genes Governing UV Sensitivity.- 3.4. Host Gene Functions Involved in the Repair of UV-Damaged 14: pol A.- 3.5. Further Studies on T4 254-nm Photobiology.- 4. UV Effects on ?X174.- 4.1. UV Sensitivity of Single-Stranded and RF DNAs.- 4.2. Effects of UV-Irradiating Host Cells.- 4.3. Other Studies.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.

Dettagli dell'edizione

• Editore: Springer US
• Data di pubblicazione: 1981
• Lingua: Inglese
• ISBN 10: 1461566959
• ISBN 13: 9781461566953
• Rilegatura: Copertina flessibile
• Numero di pagine: 480
• Contatto del produttore: non disponibile
• Persona responsabile: Springer Nature Customer Service Center GmbH; ProductSafety@springernature.com; ; Tiergartenstr. 17; Heidelberg; 69121; Germania