Articoli correlati a Melt Rheology and Its Role in Plastics Processing:...
Sinossi
1. Introduction to Rheology.- 1.1 What is Rheology?.- 1.2 Why Rheological Properties are Important.- 1.3 Stress as a Measure of Force.- 1.4 Strain as a Measure of Deformation.- 1.4.1 Strain Measures for Simple Extension.- 1.4.2 Shear Strain.- 1.5 Rheological Phenomena.- 1.5.1 Elasticity; Hooke's Law.- 1.5.2 Viscosity.- 1.5.3 Viscoelasticity.- 1.5.4 Structural Time Dependency.- 1.5.5 Plasticity and Yield Stress.- 1.6 Why Polymeric Liquids are Non-Newtonian.- 1.6.1 Polymer Solutions.- 1.6.2 Molten Plastics.- 1.7 A Word About Tensors.- 1.7.1 Vectors.- 1.7.2 What is a Tensor?.- 1.8 The Stress Tensor.- 1.9 A Strain Tensor for Infinitesimal Deformations.- 1.10 The Newtonian Fluid.- 1.11 The Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics.- 1.11.1 The Continuity Equation.- 1.11.2 Cauchy's Equation.- 1.11.3 The Navier-Stokes Equation 40 References.- 2. Linear Viscoelasticity.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Relaxation Modulus.- 2.3 The Boltzmann Superposition Principle.- 2.4 Relaxation Modulus of Molten Polymers.- 2.5 Empirical Equations for the Relaxation Modulus.- 2.5.1 The Generalized Maxwell Model.- 2.5.2 Power Laws and an Exponential Function.- 2.6 The Relaxation Spectrum.- 2.7 Creep and Creep Recovery; The Compliance.- 2.8 Small Amplitude Oscillatory Shear.- 2.8.1 The Complex Modulus and the Complex Viscosity.- 2.8.2 Complex Modulus of Typical Molten Polymers.- 2.8.3 Quantitative Relationships between G*(?) and MWD.- 2.8.4 The Storage and Loss Compliances.- 2.9 Determination of Maxwell Model Parameters.- 2.10 Start-Up and Cessation of Steady Simple Shear and Extension.- 2.11 Molecular Theories: Prediction of Linear Behavior.- 2.11.1 The Modified Rouse Model for Unentangled Melts.- 2.11.1.1 The Rouse Model for Dilute Solutions.- 2.11.1.2 The Bueche Modification of the Rouse Theory.- 2.11.1.3 The Bueche-Ferry Law.- 2.11.2 Molecular Theories for Entangled Melts.- 2.11.2.1 Evidence for the Existence of Entanglements.- 2.11.2.2 The Nature of Entanglement Coupling.- 2.11.2.3 Reptation.- 2.11.2.4 The Doi-Edwards Theory.- 2.11.2.5 The Curtiss-Bird Model.- 2.11.2.6 Limitations of Reptation Models.- 2.12 Time-Temperature Superposition.- 2.13 Linear Behavior of Several Polymers 94 References.- 3. Introduction to Nonlinear Viscoelasticity.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Nonlinear Phenomena.- 3.3 Theories of Nonlinear Behavior.- 3.4 Finite Measures of Strain.- 3.4.1 The Cauchy Tensor and the Finger Tensor.- 3.4.2 Strain Tensors.- 3.4.3 Reference Configurations.- 3.4.4 Scalar Invariants of the Finger Tensor.- 3.5 The Rubberlike Liquid.- 3.5.1 A Theory of Finite Linear Viscoelasticity.- 3.5.2 Lodge's Network Theory and the Convected Maxwell Model.- 3.5.3 Behavior of the Rubberlike Liquid in Simple Shear Flows.- 3.5.3.1 Rubberlike Liquid in Step Shear Strain.- 3.5.3.2 Rubberlike Liquid in Steady Simple Shear.- 3.5.3.3 Rubberlike Liquid in Oscillatory Shear.- 3.5.3.4 Constrained Recoil of Rubberlike Liquid.- 3.5.3.5 The Stress Ratio (N1/?) and the Recoverable Shear.- 3.5.4 The Rubberlike Liquid in Simple Extension.- 3.5.5 Comments on the Rubberlike Liquid Model.- 3.6 The BKZ Equation.- 3.7 Wagner's Equation and the Damping Function.- 3.7.1 Strain Dependent Memory Function.- 3.7.2 Determination of the Damping Function.- 3.7.3 Separable Stress Relaxation Behavior.- 3.7.4 Damping Function Equations for Polymeric Liquids.- 3.7.4.1 Damping Function for Shear Flows.- 3.7.4.2 Damping Function for Simple Extension.- 3.7.4.3 Universal Damping Functions.- 3.7.5 Interpretation of the Damping Function in Terms of Entanglements.- 3.7.5.1 The Irreversibility Assumption.- 3.7.6 Comments on the Use of the Damping Function.- 3.8 Molecular Models for Nonlinear Viscoelasticity.- 3.8.1 The Doi-Edwards Constitutive Equation.- 3.9 Strong Flows; The Tendency to Stretch and Align Molecules.- References.- 4. Steady Simple Shear Flow and the Viscometric Functions.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Steady Simple Shear Flow.- 4.3 Viscometric Flow.- 4.4 Wall Slip and Edge Effects.- 4.5 The Viscosity of
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