Introduction to Integrated Optics - Brossura

Brossura

ISBN 10: 1468420844 ISBN 13: 9781468420845

Casa editrice: Springer, 2012

Riassunto

The material presented in this volume is based on a series of lectures presented at an annual short course entitled "Integrated Optics" sponsored by the University of Cali­ fornia, Santa Barbara, in March of 1973. Each chapter has been authored by the individual lecturing on the particular subject matter con­ tained in that chapter. The primary intent of this book is to pro­ vide the students with a written version of the lecture material. The text treats a large variety of the basic structures and analysis techniques currently being employed in the rapidly growing area of technology termed "Integrated Optics." The volume contains both material that has previously been published in scientific journals and material which has not been published elsewhere. Since the field of integrated optics is in a stage of rapid expansion, a complete coverage of all the experimental results is difficult. As a result the emphasis is placed on the funda­ mental theoretical ideas and experimental results. The editor gratefully acknowledges the con­ tributing authors and the institutions with which they are associated for their wholehearted cooperation in the preparation of this book. Particular thanks are extended to the Hughes Research Laboratories, a division of the Hughes Aircraft Company.

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Contenuti

1 General Background Review.- 1. Maxwell’s Equations.- 2. Definitions of Various Types of Medium.- 3. Wave Equation.- 4. Description of Other Material Parameters.- 5. Boundary Conditions.- 6. Fresnel Equations.- 7. Special Examples.- 8. Separation of Longitudinal and Transverse Coordinates.- 9. Definition of Various Types of Modes.- 2 Film-Waveguides and Zig Zag Waves.- I. An Introduction of Film-Waveguides-Zig Zag Waves.- (i) Dual Concept of Ray and Wave Optics.- (ii) The A and B Waves.- (iii) Electric and Magnetic Field.- (iv) Waveguide Modes and the Total Reflection Phenomenon.- (v) Field Distribution of a Waveguide Mode.- (vi) Effective Thickness of the Waveguide and Power Flow.- (vii) Different Waveguide Modes.- II Prism-Film Couplers and Zig Zag Waves.- III Materials for Film-Waveguides and Their Losses.- 3 One-Dimensional Confinement.- 1. Guided Modes of a Slab Waveguide.- 2. Graphical Solution of the Governing Transcendental Equations.- 3. Dispersion in Thin Films.- 4 Rectangular Dielectric Waveguides.- I Introduction.- II Marcatili’s Analysis.- III Circular Harmonic Analysis.- A. Analysis.- B. Computed Results.- 1. Mode Configurations.- 2. Propagation Curves.- IV Comparison of Methods.- 5 Loss Mechanisms in Dielectric Waveguides.- I Introduction.- II Radiation Loss.- III Bend Loss.- A. Velocity Approach.- B. Model Analysis.- 6 Thin-Film Waveguide Fabrication and Testing Considerations.- I Introduction.- II Dimensional Considerations.- III Circuit Fabrication.- A. Etched Waveguide Fabrication.- 1. Masking and Etching.- 2. Summary of Process.- 3. Results.- B. Ion Bombardment Fabrication.- IV Measurement Techniques.- A. Determination of Refractive Index and Thickness.- 1. Stylus Measurements.- 2. Interferometer.- 3. Abbe Refractometer.- 4. Abeles Method.- 5. Prism Coupler Method.- B. Attenuation Measurements.- V Conclusion.- 7 Electron and Ion Beam Microfabrication of Integrated Optics Elements.- Electron Beam Micropattern Definition and Fabrication.- Ion Beam Sputtering for Micropattern Processing.- Scanning Electron Microscopy.- Results of Beam Microfabrication.- Conclusions and Summary.- 8 Introduction to Optical Waveguide Fibers.- I Propagation.- 1.1 Ray Theory.- 1.2 Rays in Step Refractive Index Waveguides.- 1.3 Ray Theory for Gradient Refractive Index Waveguides.- 1.4 Mode Theory.- 1.5 Mode Theory of Step Refractive Index.- 1.6 Mode Theory of Gradient Refractive Index Fibers.- II Information Capacity.- 2.1 Pulse Broadening in Single Mode Fibers.- 2.2 Pulse Broadening in Multimode Fibers.- III Attenuation.- 9 Fiber Optics Applications.- 1. Systems Applications.- 2. Near Term Fiber Optic Data Links.- 3. Input Coupling Losses.- 10 Coupled Mode Formalism for Guided Wave Interactions.- 1. Coupled Mode Formalism.- 2. Coupling Equation.- 3. Nonlinear Interactions.- 4. Photoelastic Coupling.- 5. Coupling by a Surface Corrugation.- 6. Eigen Modes of a Perturbed Waveguide.- 11 Optical Directional Couplers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Coupled Mode Formalism.- 3. Dual Channel Directional Coupler ― Theory and Experiment.- 4. Derivation of the Coupling Coefficient.- 5. Coupling Between Planar Guides.- 6. Coupling Between Channel Guides.- 7. Multichannel Directional Coupler ― Coupling Coefficient Measurement.- 8. The Coupling Coefficient Sign.- 9. Ridged Channel Waveguides and Directional Couplers.- 10. Directional Coupler ― Switch Modulator.- 11. Light Multiplexing by Directional Coupling.- 12. Appendix I.- 12 Periodic Couplers.- I Introduction.- II Direct Analysis of Beam Coupling.- II.1 Spectral Representation of Electromagnetic Waves.- II.2 The Prism Coupler.- II.3 Fields in the Periodic Medium.- II.4 Fields in the Coupler.- III Reciprocal Analysis of Periodic Couplers.- III.1 The Equation for Coupling Efficiency.- III.2 Aperture Fields.- IV Design Considerations.- 13 Modulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Modulation Analysis.- 3. Modulator Characteristics.- 4. Characteristics of Other Modulation Techniques.- 5. Circuit Aspects of Modulators.- 6. An Example.- 14 Acousto-Optical Interactions in Guided Wave Structures.- I Introduction.- II Reviews of Acousto-Optic Interactions.- 2.1 Photoelastic Effect.- 2.2 Acousto-Optic Interaction Mechanisms.- III Acousto-Optic Interaction in Guided Wave Structure ― Analysis.- 3.1 Acoustic Surface Waves and Optical Guided Waves.- 3.2 Collinear Interaction of Optical Guided Waves and Acoustic Surface Waves.- 3.3 Bragg Diffraction of Optical Guided Waves by Acoustic Surface Waves.- IV Acousto-Optic Interactions in Guided Wave Structures ― Experimental Results and Discussions.- 4.1 Collinear Interaction.- 4.2 Bragg Deflection of Optical Guided Waves by Acoustic Surface Waves.- 4.3 Anisotropic Light Diffraction by Acoustic Surface Waves.- V Device Parameters for Acousto-Optic Devices.- 5.1 Efficiency.- 5.2 Bandwidths and Number of Resolvable Spots.- 5.3 Speed.- 5.4 Figures of Merit.- VI Device Applications and Conclusions.- 15 Laser Source Considerations in Integrated Optics.- I Introduction.- II Resonant Feedback Structures.- A. Dispersion Relations for Periodic Structures.- B. Lasers Using Periodic Structures as the Distributed Resonant Feedback Structure (DFB Lasers).- C. Lasers Using Periodic Structures as the Resonant Reflectors in the Fabry-Perot Type of Cavities.- D. Order-of-Magnitude Estimates.- III The Active Medium.- A. Dye Lasers.- B. Semiconductor Lasers.- C. Doped Insulating Solids.- D. Gaseous Lasers.- Appendix ― Derivation of Eqs. (5) and (13).

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Dettagli dell'edizione

• Editore: Springer
• Data di pubblicazione: 2012
• Lingua: Inglese
• ISBN 10: 1468420844
• ISBN 13: 9781468420845
• Rilegatura: Copertina flessibile
• Numero di pagine: 532
• Redattore: Barnoski Michael
• Contatto del produttore: ProductSafety@springernature.com; ProductSafety@springernature.com; ; Poststr. 9; Darmstadt; 64293; Germania