Compound-specific Stable Isotope Analysis - Rilegato

Jochmann, Maik A.; Schmidt, Torsten C.

Rilegato

ISBN 10: 1849731578 ISBN 13: 9781849731577

Casa editrice: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2012

Riassunto

The use of Compound-specific Stable Isotope Analysis (CSIA) is increasing in many areas of science and technology for source allocation, authentication, and characterization of transformation reactions. Until now, there have been no textbooks available for students with an analytical chemical background or basic introductory books emphasising the instrumentation and theory. This book is the first to focus solely on stable isotope analysis of individual compounds in sometimes complex mixtures. It acts as both a lecture companion for students and a consultant for advanced scientists in fields including forensic and environmental science. The book starts with a brief history of the field before going on to explain stable isotopes from scratch. The different ways to express isotope abundances are introduced together with isotope effects and isotopic fractionation. A detailed account of the required technical equipment and general procedures for CSIA is provided. This includes sections on derivatization and the use of microextraction techniques in GC-IRMS. The very important topic of referencing and calibration in CSIA is clearly described. This differs from approaches used in quantitative analysis and is often difficult for the newcomer to comprehend. Examples of successful applications of CSIA in food authenticity, forensics, archaeology, doping control, environmental science, and extraterrestrial materials are included. Applications in isotope data treatment and presentation are also discussed and emphasis is placed on the general conclusions that can be drawn from the uses of CSIA. Further instrumental developments in the field are highlighted and selected experiments are introduced that may act as a basis for a short practical course at graduate level.

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Dalla quarta di copertina

The use of Compound-specific Stable Isotope Analysis (CSIA) is increasing in many areas of science and technology for source allocation, authentication, and characterization of transformation reactions. Until now, there have been no textbooks available for students with an analytical chemical background or basic introductory books emphasising the instrumentation and theory. This book is the first to focus solely on stable isotope analysis of individual compounds in sometimes complex mixtures. It acts as both a lecture companion for students and a consultant for advanced scientists in fields including forensic and environmental science. The book starts with a brief history of the field before going on to explain stable isotopes from scratch. The different ways to express isotope abundances are introduced together with isotope effects and isotopic fractionation. A detailed account of the required technical equipment and general procedures for CSIA is provided. This includes sections on derivatization and the use of microextraction techniques in GC-IRMS. The very important topic of referencing and calibration in CSIA is clearly described. This differs from approaches used in quantitative analysis and is often difficult for the newcomer to comprehend. Examples of successful applications of CSIA in food authenticity, forensics, archaeology, doping control, environmental science, and extraterrestrial materials are included. Applications in isotope data treatment and presentation are also discussed and emphasis is placed on the general conclusions that can be drawn from the uses of CSIA. Further instrumental developments in the field are highlighted.

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Compound-specific Stable Isotope Analysis

By Maik A. Jochmann, Torsten C. Schmidt

The Royal Society of Chemistry

Copyright © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-84973-157-7

Contents

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Compound-specific Isotope Analysis, 
CHAPTER 2 Fundamental Aspects of Stable Isotopes and Isotopic Fractionation, 
CHAPTER 3 Instrumentation for Compound-specific Stable Isotope Analysis, 
CHAPTER 4 Sample Preparation in Compound-specific Stable Isotope Analysis, 
CHAPTER 5 Referencing Strategies and Quality Assurance for Compound-specific Stable Isotope Analysis, 
CHAPTER 6 Applications of Compound-specific Stable Isotope Analysis, 
CHAPTER 7 Further Developments in Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis, 
Appendix, 
Prefixes, 
SI-units Used in this Book, 
Physical Constants, 
Useful Conversions in the Lab, 
Important ions, 
Reference, 
Subject Index, 

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Compound-specific Isotope Analysis

1.1 DEVELOPMENT OF STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS

Since the 1940s, stable isotope analysis (SIA) has found widespread application in various branches of science. First applications of SIA were mainly geochemical in nature and focused on fundamental aspects such as isotope variations caused by differences in properties of isotopes relating to (i) thermodynamics, (ii) chemical kinetics, (iii) their masses such as in diffusion processes, and (iv) the forces between atoms (thermal diffusion processes). Also during that time, the theoretical underpinning of these processes was developed by Urey, Bigeleisen and others. Furthermore, the precision of isotope abundance determinations was gradually improved by changes to isotope ratio mass spectrometers (IRMS), including multiple Faraday cup collector systems and better amplifier electronics. Groundbreaking applications of SIA during this time include a paleotemperature scale based on 18O/16O isotope ratio measurements of fossil carbonate. The observation by Nier and Gulbransen in 1939 that carbon in nature varies in isotope composition, with living organisms and their remains such as coal, natural gas and petroleum containing less 13C than carbonate of limestone, opened the way to using isotopes to study biogeochemical processes and interactions. The isotope abundances of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur caused by exchange processes gave fundamental insights into the evolution of the Earth's crust and atmosphere as well as the history and origin of life. It was also recognized early on that variations in natural abundance of the stable isotopes caused by isotope fractionation processes could be utilized as nonradioactive natural or artificial tracers to follow complex geochemical and biological processes in geological cycles, ecosystems, organisms and chemical reactions.

1.2 INSTRUMENTATION FOR SIA

1.2.1 Mass Spectrometric Methods for SIA

Nowadays, a variety of techniques and instrumentation using mass spectrometry or spectroscopic methods for the determination of isotope ratios are available. Mass spectrometry is still the most important technique, both for heavy and light elements.

While in general all mass spectrometers are able to measure isotope abundances, dedicated mass spectrometers with precisions in the order of 10-4 to 10-6 are mandatory for isotope ratio determination at natural abundance level. Such high precision can be obtained by magnetic sector field instruments with Faraday cups enabling simultaneous detection of ion currents from the different mass-to-charge ratios for isotope ratio determination

Dettagli dell'edizione

• Editore: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Data di pubblicazione: 2012
• Lingua: Inglese
• ISBN 10: 1849731578
• ISBN 13: 9781849731577
• Rilegatura: Copertina rigida
• Numero di pagine: 376
• Contatto del produttore: non disponibile
• Persona responsabile: non disponibile