1 Scientific Background.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.1 The AO/ASIF Foundation.- 1.1.2 Research.- 1.1.3 Development.- 1.1.4 Education.- 1.1.5 Documentation and Clinical Investigations.- 1.1.6 Fracture Classification.- 1.2 Bone as a Material.- 1.2.1 Structure.- 1.2.2 Chemical Composition.- 1.2.3 Mechanical Properties.- 1.2.4 Mechanical Glossary.- 1.3 Fractures in the Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Skeleton.- 1.3.1 Origin of Skull Bones.- 1.3.2 Load-Bearing Structures in the Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Skeleton.- 1.3.3 The Fracture.- 1.3.4 Biological Reaction and Healing of Bone.- 1.4 Indications for Operative Treatment of Fractures.- 1.5 Operative Reduction and Internal Fixation.- 1.5.1 Reestablishing Stability.- 1.5.2 Implant Materials.- 1.5.2.1 Stainless Steel.- 1.5.2.2 Titanium.- 1.5.2.3 Biodegradable Polymeric Materials.- 1.5.3 Implant Removal.- 1.5.4 Principles of Stabilization.- 1.5.4.1 Splinting.- 1.5.4.2 Compression.- 1.6 Design and Function of Implants and Instruments.- 1.6.1 Screws.- 1.6.1.1 Function of Screws.- 1.6.1.2 Types of Screws.- 1.6.1.3 List of Screws.- 1.6.1.4 Technique of Screw Insertion.- 1.6.1.5 Instruments for Screw Insertion.- 1.6.2 Plates.- 1.6.2.1 Craniofacial Plates.- 1.6.2.2 Mandible and Reconstruction Plates.- 1.6.3 Instruments.- 1.6.4 Power Tools.- 1.7 Set Configurations.- 1.7.1 European Set Configuration.- 1.7.2 North American Set Configuration.- 1.8 External Fixation Devices.- References and Suggested Reading.- 2 Anatomic Approaches.- 3 Mandibular Fractures.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Treatment Planning.- 3.3 Cost Effectiveness.- 3.4 Adequate Stability.- 3.5 Mistakes in Application and Technique.- 3.6 Failures.- 3.7 Indications for Osteosynthesis.- 3.8 Indications for Perioperative Antibiotic Cover.- 3.9 General Remarks.- 3.10 Localization and Types of Fracture.- 3.11 Fractures of the Symphysis and the Parasymphyseal Area.- 3.11.1 Tr ansverse Fracture Line Without Dislocation.- 3.11.2 Transverse Fracture Line With Dislocation.- 3.11.3 Fracture Line With Basal Triangle.- 3.11.4 Comminuted Fractures.- 3.12 Fractures of the Horizontal Ramus.- 3.12.1 Transverse Fracture Line Without Dislocation.- 3.12.2 Transverse Fracture Line With Dislocation.- 3.12.3 Oblique Fracture Line With/Without Dislocation.- 3.12.4 Fracture Line With Basal Triangle.- 3.12.5 Comminuted Fractures.- 3.13 Fractures of the Mandibular Angle.- 3.13.1 Transverse Fracture Line Without Dislocation.- 3.13.2 Transverse Fracture Line With Dislocation.- 3.13.3 Angular Fractures With Basal Triangle.- 3.13.4 Comminuted Angular Fractures.- 3.13.5 Comminuted Fractures of the Ascending Mandibular Ramus.- 3.14 Condylar and Subcondylar Fractures.- 3.14.1 Transverse Fracture Line With Dislocation.- 3.15 Fractures of the Atrophic Mandible.- 3.16 Infected Fractures.- 3.17 Defect Fractures.- 3.18 Mandibular Fractures in Children.- References and Suggested Reading.- 4 Craniofacial Fractures.- 4.1 Organization of Treatment in Panfacial Fractures.- 4.1.1 Introduction.- 4.1.2 Surgical Sequencing of Le Fort Fracture Treatment.- 4.1.3 Occlusion.- 4.1.4 Upper Face: The Cranial Unit.- 4.1.5 Upper Midfacial Unit.- 4.1.6 Lower Face.- 4.1.7 Linking the Upper and Lower Face.- 4.1.8 Edentulous Fractures.- 4.1.9 Soft Tissue.- 4.1.10 Soft-Tissue Injury.- 4.1.11 The "Double Insult" to Soft Tissue.- References and Suggested Reading.- 4.2 Le Fort I-III Fractures.- 4.2.1 Lower Midface (Le Fort I).- 4.2.1.1 Anatomy.- 4.2.1.2 Classification.- 4.2.1.3 Diagnosis.- 4.2.1.4 Le Fort I Fractures.- Treatment.- Airway Management.- Exposure.- Reduction.- Occlusion.- Fixation.- Bone Grafting.- Palatal Fractures.- Alveolar Ridge.- 4.2.2 Upper Midface (Le Fort II and III).- 4.2.2.1 Anatomy.- 4.2.2.2 Diagnosis.- 4.2.2.3 Treatment.- References and Suggested Reading.- 4.3 Naso-Orbital-Ethmoid Fractures.- 4.3.1 Definition.- 4.3.2 Anatomy.- 4.3.3 Fracture Patterns.- 4.3.4 Plates Used for Internal Fixation of NOE Fractures.- 4.3.5 Exposure.- 4.3.6 Diagnosis.- 4.3.7 Operative Treatment.- 4.3.7.1 Management of
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