AIDS Update 2011 (Textbook)
Lingua: inglese
Editore: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin, 2010
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Codice articolo G0073527637I5N00
- Titolo
- AIDS Update 2011 (Textbook)
- Autore
- Gerald Stine
- Editore
- McGraw-Hill/Dushkin
- Anno di pubblicazione
- 2010
- Condizione
- Fair
- Sovraccoperta
- No Jacket
- Rilegatura
- Paperback
- Lingua
- inglese
- ISBN 10
- 0073527637
- ISBN 13
- 9780073527635
- Peso dell'articolo
- 0,35 libbre
"Riassunto" può appartenere a un’altra edizione di questo titolo.
Contenuti
Contents
About the Authoriii
A Quarter Century of AIDS and Counting: A Humanitarian Crisisx
AIDS UPDATE 2011xx
Prefacexxii
Introduction: Histories of Global Pandemics, AIDS, Its Place in History, Overview of HIV/AIDS, International AIDS Conferences and Means of Remembering-the AIDS Quilt, Candlelight Memorial, and World AIDS Day1
Three Words Echo around the World: AIDS Crisis Worsens!1
History of Global Pandemics and Epidemics1
Fear, Ignorance, and Condemnation: Who Is to Blame?2
Imagine a World without AIDS2
Overview of HIV/AIDS4
AIDS: A Unique Disease5
AIDS: A Cause of Death5
Another Anniversary6
Other Anniversaries6
International AIDS Conferences6
Means of Remembering7
The 27th Candlelight Memorial8
Walking to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States8
Bicycle Riding to Change the Course of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic-United States10
World AIDS Day: An International Day of Coordinated Action: A Time to Recharge and Reconnect10
The Future11
National AIDS Hotlines12
Useful Internet Addresses13
1 AIDS: Defining the Disease and Finding Its Cause15
The New Millennium15
AIDS: A Disease or a Syndrome?16
First Reaction to AIDS: Denial17
What Causes AIDS?18
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports20
Discovery of What Causes AIDS21
Defining the Illness: AIDS and Surveillance22
Summary24
Review Questions25
2 What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus26
The Cause of AIDS: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)26
HIV Does Not Cause AIDS: Dissidents and Their Cults: A Minority Point of View26
News Flash 2010-Leading HIV/AIDS Dissident Cleared of Misconduct Following Complaints Made After He and Others Published a 2009 Paper Arguing That There Is "As Yet No Proof That HIV Causes AIDS"32
Dissidents (AIDS Does't Exist or HIV Isn't the Cause)32
Summary of the HIV/AIDS Dissidents' Viewpoints33
Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS33
Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus35
Summary on the Origin of HIV42
Summary43
Review Questions43
3 Biological Characteristics of HIV44
Viruses Need a Host Cell in Order to Replicate44
Viruses Are Parasites44
Viruses Specific to Cell Type45
How Do Human T4 or CD4+ Lymphocytes Relate to HIV Infection and AIDS?46
Description of HIV; How It Attaches to a Host Cell and Buds Out of the Cell47
HIV Fitness48
The HIV Life Cycle49
Understanding How HIV Works49
How HIV Escapes the Infected Cell50
Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG Proteins58
Summary61
Review Questions61
4 Anti-HIV Therapy62
Better Drugs, BEtter Technologies, and Lingering Problems63
Anti-HIV Therapy63
The Good News About ART64
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Drugs with FDA Approval67
The HIV Medicine Chest: ART Drugs Receiving FDA Approval67
FDA-Approved Nucleoside/Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Protease Inhibitors, Integrase Inhibitors, Entry Inhibitors, and Maturation Inhibitors71
Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors71
FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors73
Entry Inhibitors and Problems75
Integrase Inhibitors76
Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants76
Development of HIV Drug Resistance to Protease Inhibitors77
How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance79
Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS86
Medical Complications Associated with Anti-HIV Drug Therapies (ART)87
Update 201094
Summary94
Disclaimer95
Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines96
Review Questions96
5 The Immunology of HIV Disease/AIDS98
The Immune System98
Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells101
Why CD4+ Cells Are Important in HIV Infection-What It Means104
The CD4+ Cell Count-Why It Matters104
Antibodies and HIV Disease109
Cellular MicroRNAs Contribute to HIV Latency in Resting Primary CD4+ T Cells112
Immune System Dysfunction113
Original Antigenic Sin113
The Search for Additional Receptors (Coreceptors) to CD4: Fusin or CXCKR-4 (R-4)116
CCKR-5 (R-5) Receptor116
Emergence of HIV Strains That Vary in Their Lethal Abilities117
In Search of Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection119
T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression120
Impact of T4 Cell Depletion121
Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection122
Where Do T4 or CD4+ Cells Become HIV Infected?123
Summary126
Review Questions127
6 Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease/AIDS128
What Is an Opportunistic Disease?128
The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases129
Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People130
TB: The Leading Cause of Death among HIV-Positive People Worldwide141
Cancer or Malignancy in HIV/AIDS Patients141
Disclaimer146
Summary147
Review Questions147
7 A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS148
What Is Known and What Is Missing from Our Understanding of HIV/AIDS148
HIV Disease Defined149
Stages of HIV Disease (without Drug Therapy)153
HIV Disease without Symptoms, with Symptoms, and AIDS158
Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies159
Prognostic Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression163
HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System (CNS)166
Neuropathies (Nerve Tissue Damage) in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients167
Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms168
Summary168
Review Questions168
8 Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus170
Epidemic/Epidemiology171
We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now!173
Epidemiology of HIV Infection173
Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2)176
Is HIV Transmitted by Insects?176
HIV Transmission176
HIV Transmission in Family/Household Settings177
Noncasual Transmission177
Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection187
The Biological Factor193
Injection-Drug Users and HIV Transmission199
United States: Heterosexual Injection-Drug Use (IDU)199
Injection-Drug Use and HIV Infections in Other Countries202
Other Means of HIV Transmission206
Influence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) on HIV Transmission and Vice-Versa207
Pediatric Transmission214
Conclusion215
National AIDS Resources<216/p>
Summary216
Challenge Your Assumptions about the HIV Infected217
Review Questions217
9 Preventing the Transmission of HIV219
The AIDS Generation: "I Knew Everything about It, and I Still Got It!"220
Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Reduce the Spread of HIV/AIDS221
Global Prevention222
Antiretroviral Drugs Have an Impact on Prevention, But We Can't Treat Our Way Out of This Pandemic223
Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic228
Preventing the Transmission of HIV229
Sexual Risk Taking Depends on Sexual Activity232
New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex-Nobody Has a Body to Die For!235
The Male Condom238
The Female Condom or Femidom (Vaginal Pouch)241
An Alternative to Condoms: Vaginal Microbicides (MI-CRO-BA-CIDES) and Circumcision245
Update 2010-The CAPRISA 004 Study Results246
Circumcision and the Prevention of HIV Trransmission246
Injection-Drug Use (IDU) and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics247
HIV Prevention for Injection-Drug Users248
Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission251
Infection Control Procedures252
Sexual Partner Notification: Disclosure253
The U.S. Federal Government Has Now Adopted Partner Notification as Its Cornerstone in Its Effort to Help Control the Spread of HIV254
The First Human Vaccine: The Impact of Vaccines on Infectious Diseases258
HIV Vaccine Development and Its Role in Prevention258
How These Two Neutralizing Antibodies Work260
Types of Experimental HIV Vaccines262
DNA Vaccine264
Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine264
September 2009-News Broke That a Partially Effective HIV Vaccine Was Found!265
Summary266
Review Questions268
10 Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths among Select Groups in the United States and in Other Countries269
A Word about HIV/AIDS Data271
Year 2011273
Formula for Estimating HIV Infections276
Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation277
September 18: Annual National HIV/AIDS Aging Awareness Day290
Estimates of AIDS Cases and HIV Infection291
Newly Infected292
Shape of the HIV Pandemic: United States293
Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States298
Selected Nations/Countries Have Different Epidemics. Each Faces Its Own Reality298
Canada's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 33,310,000300
Mexico's Estimated HIV/AIDS Cases through 2009: Population 110 Million300
United Kingdom's (UK) Estimated HIV/AIDS Data through 2009: Population 61 Million301
Global Prevalence and Impact of HIV/AIDS304
Connected but Separate: Each Country a Different Reality, Different Countries Similar Questions, but Different Answers, Different Epidemics<304/p>
Workforce-South Africa: Some Examples307
Education: Teachers and Students-S outh Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa307
Other HIV/AIDS Time Bombs in Asia: India, China, and Russia308
Summary312
Review Questions313
11 Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases among Women and Ch...
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