Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design

This third volume in Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design fol­ lows the conceptual framework adopted in the previous two volumes (see the Preface to Volume 1, 1987). It is organized into five sections­ advances in theory, advances in place, user group, and sociobehavioral research, and advances in research utilization. The authors of this volume represent a wide spectrum of the multi­ disciplinary environment-behavior and design field including architec­ ture, environmental psychology, facility management, geography, human factors, sociology, and urban design. The volume offers interna­ tional perspectives from North America (Carole Despres from Canada, several authors from the U.S.), Europe (Martin Krampen from Germany, Martin Symes from England), and New Zealand (David Kernohan). More so than any of the previous volumes, they are drawn from both academia and professional practice. While there continues to be a continuity in format in the series, we are actively exploring new directions that are on the cutting edges of the field and bode well for a more integrated future. This volume will fur­ ther develop the themes of design and professional practice to comple­ ment the earlier emphases on theory, research, and methods.

I Advances In Theory.- 1 The Significance of Architectural Theory for Environmental Design Research.- Getting Physical: The Need to Identify Formal Attributes The Nature of Theory in Architecture and Its Links to Scientific.- Epistemology: An Historical Perspective.- The Renaissance-Baroque Tradition.- The Premodern Tradition.- The Modern Movement.- Postmodernism.- The Relation between Environment-Behavior Research and Architectural Theory: Rapprochement or Disjuncture?.- Toward a Reconsideration of the Domain of Theory in Environment-Behavior and Design Research.- The Major Themes of Architectural Theory.- Style.- Composition.- Type.- Morphology.- Place.- Implications for Future Research and Applications.- References.- 2 Design Theory from an Environment and Behavior Perspective.- Understanding the Design Fields: Three Clarifications.- The Design Fields as Art and as Environmental Design.- The Design Fields as Professions and as Disciplines.- The Meaning of Theory.- The Modern Movement as Art and as Environmental Design.- The First Generation: The Anglo-Americans and the Continentals.- The Second Generation: The Rediscovery of Architectural Symbolism.- The Third Generation: Working a Function into a Form.- The Positive Basis of Normative Modern Design Theory.- The Design Fields as Art.- The Design Fields as Environmental Design.- Environment-Behavior Studies and Modernist Theory: A Commentary.- Substantive Theory.- Procedural Theory.- Modernist Theory in Perspective.- Our Contemporary Design Theories.- Postmodernism, Deconstructivism, and Classicism: Architecture as Art.- Community Architecture: Architecture as Environmental Design?.- The Emergence of Landscape Architecture as Environmental Design and as Art.- The Mainstream of Current Architectural Thought: Modernism.- The Modernists Almost Got It Right.- Implications for Future Research and Applications.- Integrating Art, Environmental Design, and Science: A Normative Theory.- The Role of Environment-Behavior Research: Building the Design Disciplines.- References.- 3 Relationships between Research and Design: A Commentary on Theories.- The Case for Integration.- History.- Misunderstandings.- Useful Knowledge.- The Case for Diversity.- Unpredictable Synthesis.- Variety of Paradigms.- References.- II Advances In Place Research.- 4 Workplace Planning, Design, and Management.- Historical Overview.- 1910-1940: Efficiency and Individual Performance.- 1940-1950: Task Performance and Social Relations.- 1950-1960: Group Dynamics, Communication, and Conflict.- 1960-1970: Focus on the Nonpaying Client.- 1970-1980: Communication, Worker Comfort, and Satisfaction.- The Performance Profile Concept.- Summary of Historical Overview.- Facility Management.- Defining the Field.- Key Organizational Trends.- Five Key Workplace Issues.- Control.- Communication.- Environmental Change Processes.- Performance.- International Influences.- Theory into Practice.- Process: Employee Involvement.- Product: Design Concepts and Solutions.- The Acceptability Factor and the Enculturation Process.- Implications for Future Research and Applications.- References.- 5 American Vernacular Architecture.- Defining Vernacular Architecture.- Vernacular and Elite.- Vernacular Past and Present.- Ideology: The Hidden Agenda.- Silent Artifacts and Common People: The “New History”.- Vernacular Exceptionalism: The New Romanticism.- Paradigms: The Acknowledged Agenda.- Artifact and Meaning: What It Is and What It Means.- Building Dominance and Theory Subordinance: Artifact Positivism.- Pluralism of Content, Theory, and Method: A Populist Strategy.- Pattern in Building: Variations on a Theme.- Implications for Future Research and Applications.- Functional Categories: Organizing the Field.- Demographics: Numbers Count.- Popular Architecture: Between Elite and Vernacular.- Conclusion.- References.- III Advances In User Group Research.- 6 Homes for Children in a Changing Society.- Methodological Issues in Child-Environment Research.- The Home Interior.- Stimulus Levels in the Home.- Housing Design.- The Meaning of Home.- Access to the Outdoors: Transitional Spaces.- Access to Diverse Spaces.- Outdoor Access from High-Rise Housing.- Outdoor Access for Latchkey Children.- Children’s Participation in Design.- Implications for Future Research and Applications.- Research Integration.- New Research Directions.- Research Dissemination.- References.- IV Advances In Sociobehavioral Research.- 7 Environmental Meaning.- Two Approaches to the Study of Environmental Meaning.- The Origins of the Semiotic Approach to Research on Environmental Meaning.- Environmental Meaning in Semiotics.- The Contribution of Greimas.- Settlement Space.- Urban Culture.- Architectural Semiotics.- Conclusions on the Semiotic Approach.- The Origins of Environmental Psychology and Its Research on Environmental Meaning.- Environmental Meaning in Environmental Psychology.- Environmental Cognition.- The Organismic-Developmental Perspective.- A Microtheory of Environmental Meaning.- Conclusions on the Environmental Psychology Approach.- Outlook on the Future: Environmental Meaning in an Ecological Perspective.- An Ecological Approach to Meaning: The Theory of Affordances.- Some Affordances Which Are Independent of Surface Layout.- The Meaning of Surfaces and Their Layouts.- Conclusions on the Ecological Approach.- Implications for Future Research and Applications.- References.- V Advances In Research Utilization.- 8 Participatory and Action Research Methods.- Action and Participation.- Action Research: Origins and Preliminary Definition.- Participation and Participatory Research.- Frameworks for Participation.- A Social Framework.- A Communication Framework.- Case Studies.- Case I: Casalta II—Reconstruction following a Landslide.- Case II: Locally Improved Grain Storage in a Tanzanian Village.- Case III: Elderly Housing and a Community Center for the Texas Farm Workers’ Union.- Case IV: Planning Primary Health Care in Western Kenya.- Case V: Community Land-Use Management in Ecuador.- Implications for Future Research and Applications.- References.- 9 Design Research in the Swamp: Toward a New Paradigm.- Design-Decision Research.- How is Design-Decision Research Different from Action Research?.- What Is Design-Decision Research?.- Who Does Design-Decision Research?.- When Does Design-Decision Research Occur?.- How Are Design-Decision Research Results Presented?.- Why Are These Changes in Design Research Taking Place?.- Implications for Future Research and Applications: Will We Stay in the Swamp?.- References.- 10 “Einstein’s Theory” of Environment-Behavior Research: A Commentary on Research Utilization.- The “Theory”.- The “Gap”.- A New Paradigm.- The Cautionary Tail.- References.- of Previous Volumes.