Riassunto
Articles are organized into six sections addressing advances in theory, place research, user group research, socio behavioral research, research and design methods, and research utilization. The authors represent a range of disciplines, including architecture, geography, psychology, and social ecology, and urban planning. Of special interest are chapters on urban forestry; the appropriateness of environment-behavior research for developing countries; nurses and hospital design. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
Contenuti
I Advances in Theory.- 1 The Relevance of Ecologically Oriented Theory Building in Environment and Behavior Research.- What Is Meant by Ecological?.- Problems of Theory Development in the Environment—Behavior Research-and-Design Field.- Classes and Functions of Theoretical Structures.- Tracing the Background of Theory Deficit.- A Descriptive Taxonomy of Domain Components.- Specific Contributions of the Two Main Ecological Approaches to Conceptualizing the Environment-Behavior Field.- Barker’s Ecobehavioral Approach.- Gibson’s Ecological Approach.- Further Developments of Barker’s Ecobehavioral Perspective and Their Theoretical Implications.- Modifications of the Conceptual Unit “Behavior Setting”.- Changes in the Embedding of the Behavior-Setting Unit.- Development of Classifications and Taxonomic Dimensions for Behavior Settings.- Consideration of the Individual’s Relatedness to Behavior Settings.- “Psychologization” of the Behavior Setting and Its Occupants.- Longitudinal Perspectives on Behavior-Setting Changes.- Empirical Exemplification, Application, and Validation of Behavior-Setting-Related Hypotheses.- Implications for Future Research and Application.- References.- 2 Structuralist Theories in Environment—Behavior—Design Research: Applications for Analyses of People and the Built Environment.- What Is Structuralism?.- Global Structuralism.- Analytical Structuralism.- Structuralist Interpretations.- Structuralism and Human Cognition: The Contribution of Levi-Strauss.- Structuralism and Marxism: The Contribution of Castells.- Applications to Studies of the Built Environment and Human Behavior.- The Syntax of the Built Environment.- Architectural Semiotics.- Redefinition of Structuralist Theory and Methods.- Toward a Definition of Dialectical Structuralism.- A Structural, Historical, and Cross-Cultural Analysis of Homes.- Implication for Future Research and Application.- References.- 3 Notes on Theory in Environment and Behavior Research.- Folk Theories.- Scientific Theories.- Relevance of Scientific Theories.- Relevance: Success and Utility.- Contact between Scientific and Folk Theories.- The Acceptance of Theories.- Environment-Behavior-Design Theory: What For?.- References.- II Advances in Place Research.- 4 Environment, Behavior, and Design Research on Urban Forests.- Major Research Topics.- Benefits and Values Associated with Urban Forests.- Perception of Urban Forest Environments.- On-Site Behavior in Urban Forests.- Destination Choice Behavior.- Safety, Crime, and Conflict.- Sources of Variation in Preference and Behavior.- Application of Research to Management Systems.- Implications for Future Research and Application.- References.- 5 Environment and Behavior Research for Developing Countries.- The Context of Developing Countries.- Housing: The Primary Focus of Environment-Behavior Research in Developing Countries.- House Design.- Housing Technology and Infrastructure.- Participation and Housing.- Housing Policy.- Fieldwork Techniques.- Physical Baseline Surveys.- Structured Interviews.- Open-Ended In-Depth Interviews.- Group Discussions.- Walk-About Verbal Descriptions.- Simulation and Projective Techniques.- Participant Observation.- Implications for Future Research and Application.- References.- III Advances in User Group Research.- 6 Hospital Design, Health Providers, and the Delivery of Effective Health Care.- The Sociophysical Environment and Patient Care.- Implicit Models.- Limits of Empirical Studies of Hospital Settings.- The Evolution of Hospital Design.- Historical Origins of Hospitals.- Current Factors Influencing Hospital Design.- The Hospital Design Process.- Humanizing Hospital Space.- Choosing the User Group to Optimize Change.- Patient-Based Design Interventions.- Health-Provider-Based Design Interventions.- Hospital Design and Nursing Care.- The Sociophysical Environment and Nurses.- Nurses and Patients in Hospital Settings.- Modeling the Effects of the Sociophysical Environment on the Delivery of Health Care.- The Interface between Nurses and Specific Settings.- Helicopter Rescue.- The Emergency Room.- Diagnostics.- The Operating Room.- The Surgical Intensive-Care Unit.- The Stepdown Unit or Acute-Care Ward.- Implications for Future Research and Application.- References.- IV Advances in Sociobehavioral Research.- 7 Environmental Perception and Cognition.- Theoretical Perspectives.- Empirical Research in Small-Scale and Medium-Scale Environments.- Perception and Cognitive Representation of Physical-Spatial Properties.- Perception and Cognitive Representation of Properties of Places.- Empirical Research in Large-Scale Environments.- Cognitive Maps of Cities, Spatial Orientation, and Navigation.- Spatial Preferences, Decisions, and Choices.- Implications for Future Research and Application.- References.- V Advances in Research And Design Methods.- 8 Facility Programming.- Diversity of Viewpoints.- Comparing Programming Models.- The Seven Models.- Comparison of the Seven Models.- Composite Programming Model.- Linking Evaluation to Programming.- Linking Data Collection to Programming.- Data Collection.- Data Transformation.- User Participation in the Programming Process.- Roadblocks to Participation.- Examples of User Participation.- Purpose of Participation.- Implications for Future Research and Application.- References.- 9 Advances in Evaluation of the Built Environment.- Defining Evaluation.- Advances in Assessing Setting Context.- Advances in Research Designs.- Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs.- Case Studies.- Extension of Studies across Time and Place Barriers.- Advances in Research Techniques and Instruments.- Tailoring the Evaluation to the Needs of the Client.- Standardized Instruments and Instrument Packages.- Advances in Data Analysis.- Use of Theoretical Models.- Implications for Future Research and Application.- References.- VI Advances in Research Utilization.- 10 The Policy Environment for Environment-Behavior Research.- Policy: A Force Newly Recognized.- Policies of Governments.- Direct Policies.- Indirect Policies.- Nongovernmental Policies.- Voluntary Standards.- Effects on Design Freedom.- Implications for Future Research and Application.- References.
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