*Indicates that the reading selection is new to this edition
PART ONE, Resources for Reading and Writing Arguments
Chapter One, Understanding Argument
What Is Argument?
What Is Rhetoric?
An Example of Argument
Discussion of “You Have a Right…”
Four Criteria of Mature Reasoning
What Are the Aims of Argument?
Where are the Aims of Argument Used?
A Good Tool for Understanding and Writing Arguments: The Writer’s Notebook
Why Keep a Notebook?
Notebook Options
Keeping a Print Notebook
Keeping an Electronic Notebook
Ways of Using a Notebook
Chapter Two, Reading An Argument
The First Encounter: Seeing the Whole Text in Context
The Second Encounter: Reading and Analyzing the Text
Wrestling With Difficult Passages
Using Paraphrase to Aid Comprehension
Analyzing the Reasoning of an Argument
The Third Encounter: Responding Critically to an Argument
Chapter Three, Analyzing Arguments: A Simplified Toulmin Method
A Preliminary Critical Reading
A Step-by-Step Demonstration of the Toulmin Method
Find the Exceptions
Analyzing the Reasons
List the Reasons
Examine the Reasons
Analyzing Evidence
Noting Refutations
Summarizing Your Analysis
A Final Note about Logical Analysis
Chapter Four, Reading and Writing about Visual Arguments Understanding Visual Arguments
“Reading” Images
Analysis: Five Common Types of Visual Arguments
FOUR-COLOR INSERT (images 1 – 7)
Chapter Five, Writing Research-Based Arguments
Finding an Issue
Understand That an Issue Is More Than Just a Topic
Keep Abreast of Current Events
Research the News
Research Your Library’s Periodicals Indexes
Inquire into the Issue
Finding Sources
Field Research
Library and Online Research
Internet Research
Evaluating Sources
Eliminate Inappropriate Sources
Carefully Record Complete Bibliographic Information
Read the Source Critically
Inquire into the Source
Consider How You Might Use the Source
Using Sources
Taking Notes
Suggestions for Taking Notes
Paraphrasing
Summarizing
Creating an Annotated Bibliography
Incorporating and Documenting Source Material in the Text of Your Argument
Different Styles of Documentation
Instructions for Using MLA and APA Style
Direct Quotations
Indirect Quotations
Creating a Works-Cited or Reference List
PART TWO, The Aims of Argument
Chapter Six, Looking for Some Truth: Arguing to Inquire
Inquiry and Interpretation in Academic Writing
The Writing Project: Exploratory Essay, Part One
Conversations and Dialogue in Inquiry
Inquiry Again: Digging Deeper
The Writing Project: Part Two
The Writing Project: Part Three
After Drafting Your Essay
Inquiry: Summing Up the Aim
Chapter Seven, Making Your Case: Arguing to Convince
The Nature of Convincing: Structure and Strategy
Case Structure
Case Strategy
Thinking about Audience
Formulating the Thesis
Choosing Reasons
Arranging Reasons
Using Evidence
Introducing and Concluding the Argument
The Process of Writing a Convincing Argument
Chapter Eight, Motivating Action: Arguing to Persuade
When to Convince and When to Persuade: A Matter of Emphasis: Reading a Persuasive Essay
Principles
Using the Forms of Appeal
The Process of Writing a Persuasive Essay
Chapter Nine, Resolving Conflict: Arguing to Negotiate and Mediate
Resolving Conflict and the Other Aims of Argument
The Process of Negotiation and Mediation
Understanding the Spirit of Negotiation and Mediation
Understanding the Opposing Positions
Defining the Problem in Terms of the Real Interests
Inventing Creative Options
Gathering More Data
Reaching a Solution Based on Agreed-upon Principles
The Mediatory Essay
Analyzing a Mediatory Essay
The Process of Writing a Mediatory Essay
Appendix, A Short Guide to Editing and Proofreading
Glossary of Terms
