This new reader comprises an extensive collection of primary and secondary documents of the American Civil Rights movement. These documents are complemented by analytical and interpretive essays by the editor, setting these documents in their historical, social, and political context. The seeds for the modern Civil Rights Movement were planted nearly a century ago within the black Baptist Church, labor unions, the black press, and organizations like the NAACP and the SNYC. Each of the seven sections of this book present a carefully chosen selection of newspaper, magazine, and journal articles, letters, speeches, reports, and legal documents, all chronicling the one aspect of the movement for black rights from the earliest days of post-Civil War segregation to the present. The works of eminent scholars, historians, legislators, and jurists alternate with the voices of movement leaders and followers, black politicians, black entertainers, and average citizens, all blending together to tell the story of struggle, failures, and successes on the road to equality for Black Americans.
American Civil Rights Movement
PART 1 Visions of Freedom and Civil Rights: Beginnings
Chapter 1 The Architecture of Segregation
Introduction
1.1 Booker T. Washington, "Speech at the Atlanta Exposition, September 18, 1895."
1.2 W. E. Burghardt Du Bois, "On Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others," The Souls of Black Folk, (pp.42-54) Fawcett, 1968.
1.3 Charles Flint Kellogg, "Lynching and Mob Violence," NAACP, A History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Volume I (1909-1920), (209-246) The Johns Hopkins Press, 1967.
1.4 Patricia Sullivan, "On the Eve of the New Deal," Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era, (pp. 11-40), University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
1.5 Asa Philip Randolph, "Call to Negro America to March on Washington for Jobs and Equal Participation and National Defense on July 1, 1941," The Black Worker, May 1941.
1.6 Jack M. Bloom, "Nineteen Forty-Eight, The Opening of the Breach," Class, Race, and the Civil Rights Movement, (74-86) Indiana University Press, 1987.
1.7 John Dittmer, "We Return Fighting," Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi, pp. 1-18, University of Illinois Press, 1995.
1.8 John Dittmer, "Rising Expectations, 1946-54," Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi, pp. 19-40, University of Illinois Press, 1995.
1.9 Barbara Diane Savage, "Radio and the Political Discourse of Racial Equality," Broadcast Freedom: Radio, War, and the Politics of Race 1939-1948, (pp. 194-222), University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
Chapter 2 Resistance, Organizations and Early Movement Leaders
Introduction
2.1 Robin Kelly, "We Are Not What We Seem: Rethinking Black Working Class Opposition in the Jim Crow South," Journal of American History, 75-112, June 1993.
2.2 Aldon Morris, "Domination, Church and the NAACP," The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement, Black Communities Organizing for Change (1-16) Free Press, 1984.
2.3 August Meier and John Bracey, "The NAACP as a Reform Movement, 1909-1965: To Reach the Conscience of America," Journal of Southern History 59 (February 1993): 3-30.
2.4 Genna Rae McNeil, "Charles Hamilton Houston: Social Engineer for Civil Rights," in John Hope Franklin and August Meier, eds., Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century, (221-240) University of Illinois Press, 1982.
2.5 Thurgood Marshall, "The Legal Attack to Secure Civil Rights," Speech delivered July 13, 1944 at the NAACP Wartime Conference. (Estate of Thurgood Marshall).
2.6 August Meier, "On the Role of Martin Luther King," in August Meier and Elliot Rudwick, eds., Along the Color Line: Explorations in the Black Experience (University of Illinois Press, 1976). Article originally appeared in New Politics, vol. 4 (Winter 1965), pp. 1-8.
2.7 Clayborne Carson, "Martin Luther King, Jr.: Charismatic Leadership in a Mass Struggle," Journal of American History vol. 74 (September 1987), pp. 448-454.
2.8 Charles Payne, "Ella Baker and Models of Social Change," Signs: Journal of Women and Society, 1989, (885-899) Vol. 14, no.4.
2.9 Ella Baker, "Organization Without Dictatorship," in Emily Sto]per, The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: The Growth of Radicalism in a Civil Rights Organization, preface by David J. Garrow (Brooklyn: Carlson Publishing, 1989.
PART II The Modern Civil Rights Movement
Chapter 3 Brown and Beyond: Rising Expectations: 1953-1959
Introduction
3.1 Waldo Martin, "Shades of Brown: Black Freedom, White Supremacy, and the Law." Brown v. Board of Education, A Brief History with Documents. (1-41) Bedford Books.
3.2 "Southern Manifesto: Declaration of Constitutional Principles," Congressional Record, 84th Congress, 2nd sess. (March 12, 1956).
3.3 John White, "Nixon Was the One: Edgar Daniel Nixon, the MIA and the Montgomery Bus Boycott," in Brian Ward and Tony Badger, eds., The Making of Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, (45-63) New York University Press 1996.
3.4 Rosa Parks, "... I Tried to Think About What Might Happen," Rosa Parks with Jim Haskins, Rosa Parks: My Story, New York (Dial Books 1992).
3.5 Elizabeth Eckford, "Don't Let Them See You Cry," Elizabeth Eckford with Daisy Bates, "The First Day: Little Rock, 1957," in Growing Up Southern: Southern Exposure Looks at Childhood, Then and Now, edited by Chris Mayfield (New York Pantheon Books, 1981).
3.6 David Kirp, "Retreat to Legalism: The Little Rock School Desegregation Case in Historic Perspective," PS: Political Science and Politics, pp. 443-447, September 1997.
Chapter 4 Emergence of a Mass Movement: Student Activism 1960-1965
Introduction
4.1 Joanne Grant, "Political Mama," Ella Baker, Freedom Bound, pp. 125-146, John Wiley, 1998.
4.2 Howell Raines, "Freedom Riders," My Soul Is Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1977.
4.3 Adam Fairclough, "Confrontation, Albany and Birmingham," Martin Luther King, Jr., (65-82) The University of Georgia Press, 1990.
4.4 Martin Luther King, "Letter From Birmingham City Jail," April 16, 1963 (King Estate).
4.5 Keith Miller and Emily Lewis, "Touchstones, Authorities and Marion Anderson: The Making of I Have A Dream," in Brian Ward and Tony Badger eds., The Making of Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement (147-161) New York University Press, 1996.
4.6 Bayard Rustin, "From Protest to Politics: The Future of the Civil Rights Movement," Commentary, February 1965, pp. (Estate of Bayard Rustin).
4.7 Lyndon B. Johnson, "The Voting Rights Act Should Be Passed," Congressional Record, 89th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 3, no. 47 (March 15, 1965).
4.8 Douglas A. Blackmon, "Silent Partner: How the South's Fight to Uphold Segregation Was Funded Up North," The Wall Street Journal, June 11, 1999.
4.9 Malcolm X, "The Ballot or the Bullet," George Breitman, ed. Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements, Pathfinder Press, 1965/1989.
4.10 Michael Eric Dyson, "Meeting Malcolm," Making Malcolm, The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X, (3-17) Oxford University Press, 1995.
Chapter 5 The Militant Years: 1966-1968
Introduction
5.1 Allen Matusow, "From Civil Rights to Black Power: The Case of SNCC, 1960-1966," in Barton J. Bernstein and Allen J. Matusow, eds., Twentieth Century America: Recent Interpretations, Harcourt Brace Janovich, 1969, pp. 531-536.
5.2 Howard Zinn, "The Limits of Nonviolence," Freedomways, Winter 1964.
5.3 Henry Hampton and Steve Fayer, "The Meredith March, 1966, 'Hit Them Now,'" Voices of Freedom, An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s, pp. 283-295, Bantam Books, 1990.
5.4 Bobby Seale, "Seize the Time," Ramparts, pp. 17-29, June 1970.
5.5 Stokley Carmichal (Kwame Ture), "Toward Black Liberation," The Massachusetts Review, 7 (Autumn 1966).
5.6 Charles Payne, "Mrs. Hamer is No Longer Relevant, The Loss of the Organizing Tradition," I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle, (363-390) University of California Press, 1996.
5.7 Jack M. Bloom, "Ghetto Revolts, Black Power, and the Limits of the Civil Rights Coalition," Class, Race, and The Civil Rights Movement, (186-213) Indiana University Press, 1987.
PART III Civil Rights Issues after "The Movement"
Chapter 6 Early Twenty-First Century Civil Rights Issues
Introduction
6.1 Stanley Crouch, "Blues Collar Clarity," The All-American Skin Game, or, The Decoy of Race, (21-32) Vintage Books, 1997.
6.2 Raymond Franklin, "From Civil Rights to Civic Disgrace," Shadows of Race and Class, pp. 1-21, University of Minnesota Press, 1991.
6.3 Randall Kennedy, "Persuasion and Distrust: The Affirmative Action Debate," Harvard Law Review, (48-67) April 1986.
6.4 Stephen Carter, "Racial Preferences? So What?" The Wall Street Journal, September 13, 1989.
6.5 Ron Nixon, "Turning Back the Clock On Voting Rights," The Nation, November 15, 1999, pp. 11-17.
6.6 Lise Funderburg, "Integration Anxiety," The New York Times Magazine, pp. 83-87, November 7, 1999.
6.7 Robert Staples, "The Illusion of Racial Equality," Lure and Loathing: Essays on Race, Identity and the Ambivalence of Assimilation, (481-490), Robert Staples, 1993.
6.8 Michael Eric Dyson, "Why Race Will Continue to Rule," Race Rules: Navigating the Color Line, pp. 213-224, Addison-Wesley Longman, 1996.
6.9 Randall Kennedy, "My Race Problem," Atlantic Monthly, May 1997, pp. 55-66.
6.10 Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton, "The Perpetuation of the Underclass," American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass, pp. 149-185, Harvard University Press, 1993.
6.11 Joe Feagin, "The Continuing Significance of Race," American Sociological Review, Vol. 56, February 1991, pp. 101-116.
