Appropriate Waste Management for Developing Countries

The importance of protecting the environment against pollution is an objective which gained international acceptance in the recent years. According to the first principle of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment which took place in Stockholm in 1972, "man .... bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future genera­ tions". The United Nations again in their desire to improve the sanitation conditions allover the world decided to proclaim the period between 1981-1990 as the "International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade." Although attempts have been made by inter­ national organizations to prevent pollution, it is difficult to say that these attempts gave satisfactory results in developing countries. The most common reasons of failure are: a) To find solutions to their environmental problems, develop­ ing countries usually seek the assistance of engineers and scientists from developed countries. Many times, how­ ever, either out of ignorance of the local condition or due to financial motivations, these experts come out with solutions which are far from being considered as the "most appropriate." As a result, the basic objective of protecting the environment is not achieved. b) Attempts made by developed countries to "export" their wastes - especially the hazardous ones - to the developing world, is another danger - and sometimes reason of failure­ encountered in the field of Environmental Management.

Environmental Technology for Developing Countries.- Environmental Management in Developing Countries.- An Optimal Approach for the Selection of Appropriate Sanitation Technology for Developing Countries.- Development of Low-Waste and Waste-Free Technologies as the Main Way of Solving the Industrial Waste Problem.- Reliability Engineering for Approprite Environmental Technology.- WB/UNDP — Integrated Resource Recovery Project: Recycling of Wastes in Developing Countries.- The Recycling of the Wastes of Production and Consumption as an Aspect of the Environmental Protection in the USSR.- Studies on the Possible Uses of Soda Industry Waste as a Construction Material.- Benefits and Process Alternatives Made Possible by Primary Effluent Filtration.- Biological Treatment of Urban and Industrial Effluents: Advantages of Fixing Biomass on Specific Filler.- Surface Characteristics of Biological Solids.- Optimization of the Activated Sludge Method by Automated Processing.- Activated Sludge Process Applied to the Treatment of High Concentration Wastes.- The Sequencing Batch Reactor Treatment of Strong Wastes.- Seasonal Sensitivity of Pollution Load and Effect of Suspended Solids on the Performance of a University Oxidation Pond.- Biological Treatment of Piggery Wastes in Oxidation Ditches.- Diurnal Studies of a Micro-Aquatic Engineered Ecosystem.- Improvement of Biodegradability in Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Cow Manure.- The Combination of Individual Septic Tanks and Collective Anaerobic Digestion of Night Soils.- Sewage Derived Methane as a Vehicle Fuel.- Anaerobic Treatment of Olive Oil Wastewater.- An Anaerobic Filter Applied to the Treatment of Distillery Wastewaters.- Water Use and Treatment Practices and Other Environmental Considerations in the Iron and Steel Industry.- Treatment of Wastewater from the Canning Industry in Egypt.- Purification of Refinery Wastes by Means of Flocculation with Ferric Chloride.- A Systematic Approach to the Industrial Pollution Problem of Kuwait (KISK 609).- Current Issues in Hazardous Chemical Waste Disposal.- Selective Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cations by Using Fly Ash.- Bioassays in Detecting the Toxicity of Raw and Treated Pharmaceutical Waste.- The Chemical Contents of Alkaline Wastewater from the Selective Flotation of Pb-Zn Ores and Its Use.- Less Treatment Better for Fishery.- The Use of Plastic Outfalls as a Low-Cost Waste Waste Disposal Alternative.- Marine Outfalls as a Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Alternative in Developing Countries.- Probable Impact of Proposed Izmir Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents on Izmir Bay Water Quality.- Chemical Pollution of King Talal Dam Reservoir.- Final Disposal by Infiltration With Minimum Management and Wastes.- Retentivity of Copper from Waste Effluents by Soil Constitutents.- The Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Soils.- A Laboratory Study to Determine the Acceptability of Oxidation Pond Effluent by Soil.- Management of Pesticide Residues in Egyptian Environment.- Combined Timber Production and Wastewater Treatment Using a Marsh Forest System.- Generation of Sewer Network Layouts in Developing Countries.- A Model for Optimal Wastewater Management in a River Basin.- Appropriate Waste Containment Technology for Developing Countries.- An Application of Locational Models for Transfer Stations.- An Inverted-Pile Incinerator for Waste Disposal and Energy Production.- Trace Elements in Kosova Basen Coal.- Author Index.