Biomechanics: Basic and Applied Research

By definition Biomechanics is the application of engineering methods to study the mechanical aspects of living beings. Mostly the life scientists have the questions but lack of the specialized methods. The engineers on the other hand can handle very specialized equipment and methods, but lack in the biological thinking. If both sides are able to adapt to each other, Biomechanics is a classical field of interdis­ ciplinary cooperation. In the beginning, most biomechanical research was done in the field of orthopaedics. But other areas like cardiovascular research, dentistry, sports and many others gain increasing importance. This situation is clearly reflected in this book, which contains a selected number of papers which were presented at the Fifth Meeting of the European Society of Biomechanics, held in September 1986 in Berlin. Meanwhile these meetings have become a well accepted forum and a place of interdis­ ciplinary discussion for scientists in Biomechanics on the one side and surgeons and other peoples interested in biome­ chanical solutions on the other. It is the third time that the proceedings are published as a book and the editors are sure that this volume will help to establish this series "Developement in Biomechanics" as a valuable tool for all people involved in Biomechanics. The Fifth Meeting of the ESB also marks the tenth anniversary in the short history of the European Society of Biomechanics.

Invited Lectures.- Biomechanics in Orthopaedics.- Biomechanics of Total Knee Replacement.- Gait Analysis: A Survey.- Biomechanics of Sports - Current Problems.- Biomechanics of Tendons and Other Soft Connective Tissues. Testing Methods and Structure-Function Interdependence.- Cardiovascular Biomechanics.- Fluid Mechanics in Cardiovascular Research. Cardiac Valve Flow Dynamics.- The Development of Technology in Medicine and Biology.- Methodology in Biomechanical Research.- The Accuracy of Criteria for Automatic 3-D Graphics Reconstruction of Bone from Computer Tomography.- Comparison of Optoelectronic and Film Based Kinematic Data in Dynamic Biomechanical Evaluation of Back Muscle Tension.- Instantaneous Helical Axis Estimation Via Natural, Cross-Validated Splines.- Estimation of Gait Cycle Duration and Stride Length from One Marker Kinematic Data.- Speckle Interferometry: A Technique to Investigate Deformations in the Femoral Bone.- Speckle Interferometry for Investigation of the Rigidity of External Fracture Fixation - A Preliminary Study.- An Automatic Method to Evaluate Goodness of Muscular Work During Human Locomotion.- Quantitative Evaluation of the Walking Performance of the Horse Using Force Plate Data Analysis.- Quantification of Skin Displacement in the Walking Horse.- Biomechanics of Soft Tissue.- Medial Collateral Ligament Healing: A Biomechanical Assessment.- The Determination of Ligament Strain by a Computer Controlled Knee Loading Apparatus.- Redesign and Development of a Force Transducer of the Buckle Type.- The Wrinkling of Thin Membrane-Like Connective Tissue Structures.- Stress Relaxation, Used as a Tool for Diagnosis of Incompetence of Human Cervix in Terms of a Mixture Model of Tissue.- Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Bone.- A Study of Haversian Systems.- The Elastic Modulus of Cancellous Bone: Dependence on Trabecular Orientation.- Mechanical Properties of Subchondral Bone from Normal and Osteoarthrotic Human Femoral Heads.- Control of Chondro-Osseous Skeletal Biology by Mechanical Energy.- Mechanisms of Crack Propagation in Cortical Bone.- A Biomechanical Analysis at Lamellar Level of Femoral Shafts Deformed in Bending.- Bending Strength of Operatively Stabilized Fractures Under the Influence of Bisphosphonates.- Holographic Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Tibia Fixed with Internal Fixation Plate.- Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Joints.- Biomechanics of the Shoulder and Elbow.- Ligament Strains in Wrist-Joint Motions.- Experimental Study of the Hip Biomechanics Using Pre-Scale Films.- The Significance of the Torque Loading of the Total Hip Prosthesis.- The Lubrication of the Natural Joint: Viscosity of Hyaluronic Acid and Friction in the Human Hip.- Mechanical Properties of the Articular Cartilage.- Mathematical Simulations of Passive Knee Joint Motions.- Direct Measurement of Dynamic Contact Pressure on the Tibial Plateau of the Knee.- A Dynamical Model of the Knee Joint.- Gear Properties of the Human Knee Joint.- Moire Fringe Contourographic Determination of the Three-Dimensional Geometry of the Posterior Articular Surface of the Calcaneum.- Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Joint Prostheses.- Long Term Animal Tests with Instrumented Hip Implants.- A Hypothesis Concerning the Effect of Implant Rigidity on Adaptive Cortical Bone Remodelling in the Femur.- Stress Transfer Across the Hip Joint in Reconstructed Acetabuli.- Stress Analysis of the Uncemented Dsl Hip Prosthesis.- Influence of Porous Coating Thickness and Elastic Modulus on Stress Distribution in Hip Prostheses.- A Method for the Comparative Evaluation of the Initial Stability of Cementless Hip Prostheses.- Cad/Cam Production of Customer Made Bone Titanium Alloy Implants by Means of Ct Images.- On Laboratory Experiences in Endurance Testing of Anchorage Stems of Hip Joint Endoprostheses.- Structural Safety and Stress Distributions in Ceramic Hip-Joint-Heads for Different Neck Lengths.- A Mathematical Model of Human Knee-Motion and Evaluation of Knee Endoprostheses.- Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Implants and Fracture Fixation.- Parametric Analysis of the Stress Protection in Bone after Plating.- Limits of Plate on Bone Friction in Internal Fixation of Fractures.- The Bending of the Screw in the Osteosynthesis with Autocompression Plates.- Microcomputer Aided Finite Element Analysis in Fractured Long Bones Fixed by External Plate.- The Incorporation of Friction Interfaces in a Nonlinear, Finite Element Model of a Plated Long Bone.- The Surgical Expansion Dowel: A Proven Principle of Mechanical Fastening and Fixing Technology to Osteo-Synthetic Uses.- Anatomical Curvature of the Femoral Medullary Canal for Intramedullary Rodding.- Comparative Investigation on the Biomechanical Properties of the Circular and Other Three-Dimensional External Fixators.- Evaluation of Increasing Stiffness of Healing Bone Using External Fixation.- The Effect of Different Regimes of Axial Micromovement on the Healing of Experimental Tibial Fractures.- The Influence of Intermittent Change of Mechanical Environment Upon the Healing of Tibial Fractures.- Experimental Investigation about the Stability of the Greater Trochanter.- Bending Fatigue Characteristics of Artificial Knee Ligaments.- Biomechanics of the Acromioclavicular Stabilisation.- Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Spine.- Determination of Spinal Stress by Biomechanical Model Calculations and Comparison with Spinal Mechanical Strength.- Effect of Tension Preload on Lumbar Spine Kinematics and its Clinical Implication.- Regional Lumbar Sagittal Mobility and Back Trouble.- Electromyographic Activity as an Indicator of Back Load at Work.- An Attempt at Determining the Effort of the Lumbar Part of the Spine on the Basis of Model Investigations.- Experimental Study on the Torsional Rigidity of Various Dorsal Stabilization Procedures on Lumbar Spines.- Possibilities and Results of Total Lumbar Disk Replacement.- The Role of the Alar and Transverse Ligaments for the Stability of the Cranio-Cervical Joint.- 3-D Automatic Posture Analysis for Evaluation of Brace Effects on Spinal Deformity.- Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Clinical Aspects and Rehabilitation.- Stripping of Thread in Bone by Commercial Cortical Self-Tapping and Pretapped Screws.- Could Koehler-Freiberg’s Disease Be Caused by Biomecha-Nical Factors?.- Measurement of Pressure Distribution on Curved and Soft Surfaces.- Crutch, Staircase Railing and Foot-Floor Reaction Forces During Paraplegic’s Stair Climbing.- Slow Walking in Normal Subjects on a Track and a Motor Driven Treadmill.- Comparison of Subjective Gait Observation with Measured Gait Asymmetry.- Impulse Characteristics in Aided Gait and Walking Aid Design.- Upon the Mechanical Load of Elbow Crutches.- Significance of the Mechanical Power at the Lower Limb Joints During Walking by Hemiplegic Subjects.- The Role of Muscle Forces in the Instable Human Knee Joint in Vitro.- Dynamics of the Musculoskeletal System.- Relation Between Mechanical Load and Emg-Activity of Selected Muscles of the Trunk Under Isometric Conditions.- Minimization Strategies for Arm Movement.- Characteristics of the Gait Induced by a Fall.- Muscle Fibre Composition, Isometric Leg Strength, and Endurance in Man.- In-Vivo Viscoelasticity of the Human Soleus Muscle.- Sports Biomechanics.- A New Method to Measure Lateral Bow Accelerations During Shooting in Archery.- Reduction of Lateral Bow Displacement Using Different Torque Flight Compensators and Stabilizers in Archery.- An Improved Archery Simulator for Objective Dynamic Tests of Bows and Arrows.- Optimization of Rowing Motion Technique by Use of Interactive Computer Simulation.- An Improved Model and Computer Simulation of Cycling Motion Technique.- Pressure Measurements Inside Shoes and Application in Alpine Skiing.- An Analysis of Human Maximal Isometric Voluntary Plantar Flexion as a Function of Ankle and Knee Joint Angle.- An Attempt at Evaluation of Strength/Speed Abilities of Lower Extremities for Athletes.- Complex Investigation of Track Start.- 4 × 100 M Relay: Modelling by Permutation Techniques and Ultrasound Velocity Measurement on Curved Tracks.- Model of the Lateral Yacht Shell Displacements Used in Yachtsmen Body Motion Coordination Studies.- Cardiovascular Biomechanics.- Hydrodynamic Comparison of Duromedics Prostheses and St. Jude Medical Prostheses of Various Sizes.- In Vitro Kinematic Study of the Occluder Motion in an Artificial Tilting Disc Heart Valve.- Numerical Study of Peristaltic Pumping in Circular Cylindrical Tubes.- Mechanical Properties of Intact Arterial Segments.- Assessment of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Bovine Pericardium.- Miscellaneous Subjects.- Elastic Properties of the Hydroxyapatite-Bone Compound in Rabbits.- Fatigue Behavior of Composite Bone Cement.- Biomechanical Analysis of Coupling Between Mandible and Removable Partial Dentures.- On the Existence of the Orthodontic Center of Resistance.- Cyclic Groups of Non-Linear Biological Automorphisms and Theory of Cyclogenesis in Biomechanics.- Authors Index.