Biomedical Signal and Image Processing

All of the biomedical measurement technologies, which are now instrumental to the medical field, are essentially useless without proper signal and image processing. Biomedical Signal and Image Processing is unique in providing a comprehensive survey of all the conventional and advanced imaging modalities and the main computational methods used for processing the data obtained from each. This book offers self-contained coverage of the mathematics and biology/physiology necessary to build effective algorithms and programs for biomedical signal and image processing applications. The first part of the book details the main signal and image processing, pattern recognition, and feature extraction techniques along with computational methods from other fields such as information theory and stochastic processes. Building on this foundation, the second part explores the major one-dimensional biological signals, the biological origin and importance of each signal, and the commonly used processing techniques with an emphasis on physiology and diagnostic applications, while the third section does the same for imaging modalities. Throughout the book, the authors rely on practical examples using real data from biomedical systems. They supply several programming examples in MATLAB® to provide hands-on experience and insight Integrating all major modalities and computational techniques in a single source, Biomedical Signal and Image Processing is a perfect introduction to the field as well as an ideal reference for the established professional.

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING

Signals and Biomedical Signal Processing
Introduction and Overview
What is a "Signal"?
Analog, Discrete, and Digital Signals
Processing and Transformation of Signals
Signal Processing for Feature Extraction
Some Characteristics of Digital Images
Summary
Problems
Fourier Transform
Introduction and Overview
One-Dimensional Continuous Fourier Transform
Sampling and NYQUIST Rate
One-Dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform
Two-Dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform
Filter Design
Summary
Problems
Image Filtering, Enhancement, and Restoration
Introduction and Overview
Point Processing
Mask Processing: Linear Filtering in the Space Domain
Frequency Domain Filtering
Summary
Problems
Edge Detection and Segmentation of Images
Introduction and Overview
Edge Detection
Image Segmentation
Summary
Problems
Wavelet Transform
Introduction and Overview
From Fourier Transform to Short-Time Fourier Transform
One-Dimensional Continuous Wavelet Transform
One-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform
Two-Dimensional Wavelet Transform
Main Applications of the DWT
Discrete Wavelet Transform in MATLAB
Summary
Problems
Other Signal and Image Processing Methods
Introduction and Overview
Complexity Analysis
Cosine Transform
Introduction to Stochastic Processes
Introduction to Information Theory
Registration of Images
Summary
Problems
Clustering and Classification
Introduction and Overview
Clustering versus Classification
Feature Extraction
K-Means: A Simple Clustering Method
Bayesian Classifier
Maximum Likelihood Method
Neural Networks
Summary
Problems

PROCESSING OF BIOMEDICAL SIGNALS

Electrical Activities of Cell
Introduction and Overview
Ion Transport in Biological Cells
Electrical Characteristics of Cell Membranes
Hodgkin-Huxley Model
Electrical Data Acquisition
Some Practical Considerations for Biomedical Electrodes
Summary
Problems
Electrocardiogram
Introduction and Overview
Function and Structure of the Heart
Electrocardiogram: Signal of the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Diseases and the ECG
Processing and Feature Extraction of ECGs
Summary
Problems
Electroencephalogram
Introduction and Overview
The Brain and Its Functions
Electroencephalogram: Signal of the Brain
Evoked Potentials
Diseases of the Central Nervous System and the EEG
EEG for Assessment of Anesthesia
Processing and Feature Extraction of EEGs
Summary
Problems
Electromyogram
Introduction and Overview
Muscle
EMG: Signal Muscles
Neuromuscular Diseases and the EMG
Other Applications of the EMG
Processing and Feature Extraction of the EMG
Summary
Problems
Other Biomedical Signals
Introduction and Overview
Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
Electrooculogram
Magnetoencephaogram
Respiratory Signals
More Biomedical Signals
Summary
Problems

PROCESSING OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGES

Principles of Computed Tomography
Introduction and Overview
Formulation of Attenuation Computed Tomography
The Fourier Slice Theorem
Summary
Problems
X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography
Introduction and Overview
Physics of X-Rays
Attenuation-Based X-Ray Imaging
Image Quality
Computed Tomography
Biomedical CT Scanners
Diagnostic Applications of X-Ray Imaging
CT Images for Stereotactic Surgeries
CT Registration for Other Image-Guided Interventions
Complications of X-Ray Imaging
Summary
Problems
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Introduction and Overview
Physical and Physiological Principles of MRI
MRI
Formulation of MRI Reconstruction
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Applications of MRI and fMRI
Processing and Feature Extraction of MRI
Comparison of MRI with Other Imaging Modalities
Registration with MR Images
Summary
Problems
Ultrasound Imaging
Introduction and Overview
Why Ultrasound Imaging?
Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Waves
Physical and Physiological Principles of Ultrasound
Resolution of Ultrasound Imaging Systems
Ultrasound Imaging Modalities
Modes of Ultrasound Image Representation
Ultrasound Image Artifacts
Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Image Reconstruction
Applications of Ultrasound Imaging
Processing and Feature Extraction of Ultrasonic Images
Image Registration
Comparison of CT, MRI, and Ultrasonic Images
Bio-Effects of Ultrasound
Summary
Problems
Positron Emission Tomography
Introduction and Overview
Physical and Physiological Principles of PET
PET Signal Acquisition
PET Image Formation
Significance of PET
Applications of PET
Processing and Feature Extraction of PET Images
Comparison of CT, MRI, Ultrasonic, and PET Images
Summary
Problems
Other Biomedical Imaging Techniques
Introduction and Overview
Optical Microscopy
Fluorescent Microscopy
Confocal Microscopy
Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy
Electrical Impedance Imaging
Electron Microscopy
Biometrics
Summary
Problems
RELATED TITLES
INDEX