Blood Smears Reinterpreted

The translation of Blood Smears Reinterpreted was begun when the French original was still undergoing revisions. I was accorded the oppor­ tunity to question any statement or turn of phrase that was unclear to me or appeared liable to misinterpretation. It is my hope that as a result, ambiguities-particularly those inherent in differences between American and Eu ropean usage-have been removed and that I have at least ap­ proached the ultimate goal of any translation: to reflect the author's intention accurately while remaining as readable as the original. Beyond the role of translator, I was encouraged to assume the role of critic. As a result, some pages or even single sentences were hotly debated, sometimes for hours, as Marcel Bessis insisted that any inter­ pretations on which we could not agree should be so indicated. In fact our discussion invariably ended in agreement, though they led to changes of a sentence here or a word there and, on occasion, to the addition of a footnote or a brief paragraph.

1 General Anatomy and Physiology of Blood Cells.- General Comments.- 1 - Inventory of Cell Organelles.- 2 - The Nucleus.- 3 - Cytoplasmic Organelles.- Centrosome and Golgi Complex.- Centrioles.- Microtubules.- Ribosomes.- Endoplasmic Reticulum.- Microfilaments.- Mitochondria.- Lysosomes.- Granules.- Vacuoles.- Inclusions.- Cytoplasmic Matrix.- Cell Envelope.- 4 - Endocytosis.- 5 -Digestion and Exocytosis.- 6 - Cell Movements.- 7 - Hemopoiesis.- 8 - Stem Cells.- 9 - Amplification and Maturation.- 10 - Agony, Death and Necrosis of Blood Cells.- 11 - Sociology of Blood Cells.- 2 Erythrocytic Series.- A ― Normal Cells.- General Comments.- 1 - Erythropoiesis.- 2 - Pronormoblast (E1).- 3 - Basophilic Normoblasts I and II (E2 and E3).- 4 - Polychromatophilic Normoblasts I and II (E4 and E5).- 5 - Normal Sideroblasts.- 6 - Extrusion of the Nucleus.- 7 - The Erythroblastic Island.- 8 - The Erythroblastic Island (Continued).- 9 - The Erythroblastic Island―Phagocytic Functions.- 10 - Reticulocytes–Supravital Staining.- 11 - Maturation of Reticulocytes.- 12 - Normal Erythrocytes: Discocytes.- 13 - Reversible Discocyte, Echinocyte and Stomatocyte Transformation.- 14 - Echinocytes.- B - Pathologic Cells.- 1 - Pathologic Sideroblasts and Siderocytes (Sidero-mitochondria).- 2 - Iron in Inflammation.- 3 - Reticulocyte and Erythrocyte Inclusions.- 4 - Howell-Jolly Bodies–Cabot Rings.- 5 - General Remarks on Pathologic Erythrocytes.- 6 - General Remarks on Spiculated Red Blood Cells: Acanthocytes.- 7 - Acanthocytes (Continued).- 8 - Codocytes and Target Cells.- 9 - Codocytes and Target Cells (Continued).- 10 - Diagnosis of Uniconcave Red Cells.- 11 - Dacryocytes.- 12 - Drepanocytes and Intracellular Crystals.- 13 - Drepanocytes―In vitro Formation.- 14 - Drepano-echinocytes and Drepano-stomatocytes.- 15 - Elliptocytes.- 16 - Keratocytes.- 17 - Knizocytes.- 18 - Macrocytes and Megalocytes.- 19 - Microcytes and Leptocytes.- 20 - Schizocytes.- 21 - Schizocytes (Continued).- 22 - Spherocytes (General Remarks).- 23 - Hereditary Spherocytosis.- 24 - Stomatocytes.- 25 - Mean Cell Diameter and Deformability of Erythrocytes.- 3 Granulocytic Series.- General Comments.- 1 - Granulocytopoiesis.- 2 - M1 (Myeloblast).- 3 - M2 (Promyelocyte).- 4 - M3, M4 and M5 (Myelocytes and Metamyelocyte).- 5 - M6 and M7 (Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils).- 6 - Movements of PMN.- 7 - Phagocytosis.- 8 - Nuclear Appendages.- 9 - Abnormalities of Cytoplasm and Granules.- 10 - Eosinophils.- 11- Basophils.- 4 Thrombocytic Series.- General Remarks.- 1 - Thrombocytopoiesis.- 2 - Basophilic Megakaryocyt (MK1) and Granular Megakaryocyt (MK2).- 3 - Platelet-Forming Megakaryocyt (MK3).- 4 - Platelet Formation.- 5 - Platelets.- 6 - Movements of Platelets.- 7 - General Pathology of Megakaryocytes and Platelets.- 5 Lymphocytic Series.- General Remarks.- 1 - The Lymphoblast and Large Lymphocyte.- 2 - The Small Lymphocyte.- 3 - Movements of Lymphocytes.- 4 - Antigenic Stimulation-I. General Remarks.- 5 - Antigenic Stimulation-II. Transformation of Lymphocytes.- 6 - B- and T-Lymphocytes and Others.- 6 Monohistiocytic Series.- General Remarks.- 1 - Monocytes.- 2 - Movements of Monocytes.- 3 - Histiocytes (Macrophages). Phagocytosis of Lymphocytes 162.- 4 - Histiocytes (Macrophages). Phagocytosis of Erythrocytes.- 5 - Histiocytes (Macrophages). Formation of Hemosiderin.- 6 - Gaucher Disease.- 7 - Niemann-Pick Disease and Other Storage Diseases.- 8 - Storage Cells Due to Overload.- 7 Plasmocytic Series.- General Remarks.- 1 - Proplasmocytes.- 2 - Plasmocytes.- 3 - Flaming Plasmocytes.- 4 - Plasmocytes with Inclusions.- 8 Mastocytic Series.- General Remarks.- 1 - Mastoblasts and Mastocytes.- 9 Leukemias.- A - Reinterpretation of “Classification” of Leukemias.- B - Reinterpretation of Selected Types of Leukemias.- 1 - Pseudolymphoblastic Leukemias.- 2 - Promyelocytic Leukemia (Syndrome of Jean Bernard).- 3 - Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemias-Special Types.- 4 - Macroglobulinemias (Waldenström’s).- 5 - Sézary’s Syndrome.- 6 - Tricholeukocytic Leukemia (Hairy Cell Leukemia).- 7 - Unclassifiable Leukemias.- 8 - Hemopoietic Dysplasias (Preleukemic States).- C - Reinterpretation of the Cytology of Leukemias.- 1 - Pathology of Cell Organelles.- 2 - Anarchy and Arrest of Maturation.- 3 - Mosaicism.- 4 - Progression.- 5 - Provisional Conclusions on the Pathophysiology of Leukemic Cells.- 10 Technique.- General Remarks.- 1 - A Page of History.- 2 - Preparation of Smears.- 3 - May-Grünwald-Giemsa Stain.- 4 - Cytochemical Stains.- 5 - Examination of Smears.- 6 - Artifacts.- 7 - Examination of Smears with Phase and Interference Microscopes.- 8 - Examination in the Soret Band and Shadowing of Smears.- 9 - Examination with the Transmission Electron Microscope.- 10 - Examination with the Scanning Electron Microscope.- Selected Bibliography.- Notes on the Illustrations.- List of Abbreviations.