Classical FORTRAN: Programming for Engineering and Scientific Applications

Classical FORTRAN is a college text, self-study guide, and reference about computer programming for numerical calculations. The book features a conversational, classroom-proven style that is easy to read and contains numerous case studies and examples. The author provides practical advice on program design, documentation, and coding style and unusually detailed coverage of floating-point arithmetic. He thoroughly discusses performance measurement and optimization and introduces parallel processing using MPI, FORTRAN-90, High Performance FORTRAN, and vector processing. The author also gives expert advice on dealing with troublesome legacy codes.

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION
Why Study Programming?
The Evolution of FORTRAN
Why Study FORTRAN?
Classical FORTRAN
About This Book
. Motivation
. Audience
. Organization
. Pedagogical Approach
. Typographical Conventions
. Computing Environment Dependencies
Advice to Instructors
About the Author
Acknowledgements
Disclaimers
Exercises

HELLO, WORLD!
Case Study: A First FORTRAN Program
Compiling the Program
Running a Program in Unix
Omissions
Exercises

EXPRESSIONS AND ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS
Constants
Variables and Variable Names
Arithmetic Operators
Function References
Expressions
Assignment Statements
READ and PRINT
Omissions
Exercises

CONDITIONALS AND BRANCHING
Flowcharting
The GO TO Statement
The IF-THEN Statement
The Logical IF Statement
Flowcharting Reconsidered
Additional Examples
Omissions
Exercises

SCALAR DATA TYPES
Integers
Reals
Roundoff Errors
Type Conversions
Case Study: Computing the Sine
Other Data Types
. Complex Numbers
. Logicals
. Bits, and Hexadecimal Numbers
Some Special Values
Architectural Variations
Omissions
Exercises

ARRAYS AND DO LOOPS
Vectors
The DO Loop
Matrices
The Rules of DO Loops
Array Dimensioning
Case Study: Matrix Multiplication
Omissions
Exercises

SUBPROGRAMS
SUBROUTINE Subprograms
Call by Reference
FUNCTION Subprograms
Case Study: Bisection
Detecting First Entry
FORTRAN, System, and Library Routines
. FORTRAN Built-In Functions
. Unix System Routines
. Subprogram Libraries
Conclusion and Omissions
Exercises

ADJUSTABLE DIMENSIONS AND EXTERNAL
Adjustable Dimensions
. Assumed-Size Arrays
. Passing Leading Dimensions
EXTERNAL
. Fixed Subprogram Names
. Passing Subprogram Names
Summary and Omissions
Exercises

COMMON
Passing Data Through
Passing Data Around
Alignment
. Alignment by Order
. Alignment in Memory
Formal Parameters and COMMON
Arrays in COMMON
BLOCK DATA
Omissions
Exercises

INPUT AND OUTPUT
READ and WRITE
. FORMAT Statements
. Cursor Control
. End-of-File and Error Conditions
Case Study: Descriptive Statistics
Implied DO Loops
Unit Assignments
. Interactive Programs
. Attaching Files with GETFIL
. Batch Programs
The Case Study Revisited
Positioning in Files
Unformatted I/O
Cautions and Omissions
Exercises

CHARACTER VARIABLES
How Characters Are Stored
Writing Out and Reading In CHARACTER Variables
Editing Character Strings
Object-Time FORMATs
Case Study: QUERY
CHARACTER Variables in Other Contexts
. Reading From and Writing to CHARACTER Variables
. Using CHARACTER Variables in OPEN
. CHARACTER Functions
Character Graphics
. X-Y Plots
. Contour Plots
Omissions
Exercises

MEMORY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
Passing Array Columns
Partitioning Workspace
Sharing Workspace
Sharing Constant Data
Storing a Symmetric Matrix
Sparse Matrix Techniques
. Fixed Pattern
. Varying Pattern
Linked Lists
Omissions and Caveats
Exercises

DESIGN, DOCUMENTATION, AND CODING STYLE
The Craft of Programming
Design
. User Interface Design
. Program Design
Documentation
. External Documentation
. Internal Documentation
Coding Style
. Cognitive Complexity
. Names
. Branching Logic
. Exposition
. Typography
. Refining the Comments
Hand-Checking
Testing, Revision, and Maintenance
. Testing
. Revision and Maintenance
Conclusion and Omissions
Exercises

ARCHAIC, UNUSUAL, AND DANGEROUS USAGES
Source Form
. Sequence Numbers
. Dead Code
. Free-Form Source
. INCLUDE Files
. The PROGRAM Statement
. No STOP Statement
. Star and Blank Comments
. Other Continuation Characters
Expressions and Assignment Statements
. Precedence Dependencies
. Long Names
Conditionals and Transfer of Control
. ELSE IF
. The Arithmetic IF
. The Computed GO TO
. Free Loops
Scalar Data Types
. Mixed Mode
. Generic Functions
. IMPLICIT
. IMPLICIT NONE
. Other Data Types
. Other Forms of Type Declaration
. Abuses of EQUIVALENCE
Arrays and DO Loops
. The DIMENSION Statement
. Abuses of DO Loops
. Abuses of CONTINUE
. DO WHILE
Subprograms
. Alternate RETURNs
. ENTRY
. Abuses of Subprogram Arguments
. Call by Value
. Functions Without Arguments
. Statement Functions
. Archaic Names for Built-In Functions
Adjustable Dimensions and EXTERNAL
. Arrays Dimensioned (1)
. Overuse of EXTERNAL
COMMON
. Indiscriminate Use of COMMON
. Extending COMMON by EQUIVALENCE
. References Past the End of an Array
. Blank COMMON
. Arrays Dimensioned in COMMON Statements
Input and Output
. Carriage Control
. Scale Factors
. Hollerith Strings in FORMATs
. Printing Leading Zeros
. Formatted READs
. Direct-Access I/O
. NAMELIST
Character Variables
. Characters in Variables of Other Types
. Arithmetic With Characters
. Substrings, Concatenation, and Character Built-Ins
Case Study: A Legacy Code
. Source Listing
. Observations
. Cleaning Up the Mess
Conclusion and Omissions
Exercises

UNIX ISSUES
Using the Compiler
. Naming the Executable File
. Checking Array Subscripts
. Other Compiler Options
Operating System Services
. Current Date and Time
. I/O Units and Files
. Shell Variables
. Command Line Arguments
. Issuing Unix Commands
. Setting a Return Code
Debugging and dbx
. Compile-Time Errors
. Run-Time Errors
. Debugging with Output Statements
. Vanishing Bugs
. The dbx Debugger
Automatic Compilation with make
. Incremental Recompilation
. Deciding Which Routines to Recompile
Libraries
. Using Libraries
. Building Libraries
Writing Custom Manual Pages
. How the man Command Works
. Your man Directory
. The Page Template
. A Typical Page Definition
. Processing the Page Definition
. How man Finds Your Custom Pages
. Printing man Pages
Omissions
Exercises

MEASURING AND MAXIMIZING SERIAL EXECUTION SPEED
Measuring Serial Execution Speed
. The Unix time Command
. Statistical Profiling with prof
. System Subprograms for Measuring CPU Time
. Direct Profiling with TIMER
. Operation Counting
Tuning FORTRAN Source Code
. Algorithm Implementation Details
. Variable Typing and Initialization
. Arithmetic Expressions
. Exponentiation
. Conditionals
. Loops and Indices
. Memory Reference Patterns and Stride
. I/O Considerations
. Subprograms
. COMMON
. Summary
Omissions
Exercises

VECTOR AND PARALLEL PROCESSING
Vector Processing
. Scalar Machine Instructions
. Vector Machine Instructions
. Pipelining
. Amdahl's Law
. Vector Compilers and Performance Tuning
. Case Study: Tuning Code for Vectorization
Parallel Processing
. Problem Decomposition
. Message Passing
. Case Study: Functional Decomposition
. Case Study: Domain Decomposition
. Amdahl's Law Revisited
. Deadlocks and Races
Omissions
Exercises

FORTRAN-90 AND HPF
FORTRAN-90
. Array Operations
. Dynamic Memory Allocation
. Other New Features
. Case Study: Matrix Multiplication
. Omissions
High Performance FORTRAN
. Data Parallel Programming
. Parallelization by HPF
. Distributing Data
. Expressing Concurrency
. Using Subprograms
. Case Study: Integration Again
. Caveats
. Omissions
The Future of FORTRAN
Exercises

SOME UTILITY ROUTINES
Number-Numeral Conversions
. Integer to Numerals
. Numerals to Integer
String Insertions
. Inserting an Integer Into a String
. Inserting One String Into Another
Attaching a File
Arithmetic with Two-Part Values
. Addition and Subtraction
. Normalization
. Conversion To and From REAL*8
. Scaling
Measuring CPU Time
. Algorithm
. Implementation
A Shell Script for Global Edits
Caveats and Omissions
Exercises

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Suggested Reading
Technical References
Other References

INDEX