Composite Materials: Design and Applications

Composite materials have grown rapidly both in their applications and their economic importance, and they will no doubt continue to do so. With this growth has come increased attention in engineering curricula, but most coursework tends to focus on laminate theory and the analysis of composites, not on the practical design aspects most important to engineers. Composite Materials: Design and Applications fills that gap. Updated and translated from the successful French text Materiaux Composites, it offers comprehensive coverage of composites and their use in a broad range of applications. Part I provides a detailed introduction to composite materials, including fabrication processes, properties, design concepts, assembly, and applications. This section could also be used by itself in a course on advanced materials. Part II discusses elastic anisotopic properties, the directional dependence of different properties, and the mechanical properties of thin laminates. Alone, this section is suitable for a course on the mechanics of composite materials. Part III addresses the orthotropic coefficients needed for design activities, the Hill-Tsai failure criterion, the bending and torsion of composite beams, and the bending of thick composite plates. While somewhat more theoretical than the preceding chapters, it helps students better understand the behavior of composite parts. Part IV contains 41 detailed, numerical examples illustrating the design and use of composites. These are presented on three levels and cover the mechanical properties of composite structures in different forms, thermoelastic properties and failure analysis and the bonding of cylinders, sandwich beam buckling and flexure shear, and vibrations in composite plates. Clearly written and filled with more than 500 illustrations, Composite Materials: Design and Applications forms an outstanding textbook for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate-level course work-one that can make a significant contribution to the training of future engineers.

PART ONE. PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION

COMPOSITE MATERIALS, INTEREST AND PROPERTIES
What is Composite Material
Fibers and Matrix
What can be Made Using Composite Materials?
Typical Examples of Interest on the Use of Composite Materials
Examples on Replacing Conventional Solutions with Composites
Principal Physical Properties
FABRICATION PROCESSES
Molding Processes
Other Forming Processes
Practical Hints in the Manufacturing Processes
PLY PROPERTIES
Isotropy and Anisotropy
Characteristics of the Reinforcement-Matrix Mixture
Unidirectional Ply
Woven Fabrics
Mats and Reinforced Matrices
Multidimensional Fabrics
Metal Matrix Composites
Tests
SANDWICH STRUCTURES:
What is a Sandwich Structure?
Simplified Flexure
A Few Special Aspects
Fabrication and Design Problems
Nondestructive Quality Control
CONCEPTION AND DESIGN
Design of a Composite Piece
The Laminate
Failure of Laminates
Sizing of Laminates
JOINING AND ASSEMBLY
Riveting and Bolting
Bonding
Inserts
COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND AEROSPACE CONSTRUCTION
Aircraft
Helicopters
Propeller Blades for Airplanes
Turbine Blades in Composites
Space Applications
COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS:
Composite Materials and the Manufacturing of Automobiles
Composites in Naval Construction
Sports and Recreation
Other Applications

PART TWO: MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF LAMINATED MATERIALS

ANISOTROPIC ELASTIC MEDIA:
Review of Notations
Orthotropic Materials
Transversely Isotropic Materials
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF UNIDIRECTIONAL COMPOSITES:
Longitudinal Modulus
Poisson Coefficient
Transverse Modulus
Shear Modulus
Thermoelastic Properties
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF A PLY ALONG AN ARBITRARY DIRECTION:
Compliance Coefficients
Stiffness Coefficients
Case of Thermomechanical Loading
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF THIN LAMINATED PLATES:
Laminate with Miplane Symmetry
Laminate without Miplane Symmetry

PART THREE: JUSTIFICATIONS, COMPOSITE BEAMS, THICK PLATES

ELASTIC COEFFICIENTS
Elastic Coefficients in an Orthotropic Material
Elastic Coefficients for a Transversely Isotropic Material
Case of a Ply
THE HILL-TSAI FRACTURE CRITERION:
Isotropic Material: Von Mises Criterion
Orthotropic Material: Hill-Tsai Criterion
Evaluation of the Resistance of a Unidirectional Ply with Respect to the Direction of Loading
COMPOSITE BEAMS IN FLEXURE:
Flexure of Symmetric Beams with Isotropic Phases
The Case of any Cross Section (Asymmetric)
COMPOSITE BEAMS IN TORSION:
Uniform Torsion
Location of the Torsion Center
FLEXURE OF THICK COMPOSITE PLATES:
Preliminary Remarks
Displacement Field
Strains
Constitutive Relations
Equilibrium Equations
Technical Formulation for Bending
Examples

PART FOUR: APPLICATIONS

LEVEL 1
Simply Supported Sandwich Beam
Poisson Coefficient of a Unidirectional Layer
Helicopter Blade
Transmission Shaft for Trucks
Flywheel in Carbon/Epoxy
Wing Tip Made of Carbon/Epoxy
Carbon Fibers Coated with Nickel
Tube Made of Glass/Epoxy Under Pressure
Filament Wound Reservoir, Winding Angle
Filament Wound Reservoir, Taking into Account the Heads
Determination of the Volume Fraction of Fibers by Pyrolysis
Lever Arm Made of Carbon/Peek Unidirectionals and Short Fibers
Telegraphic Mast in Glass/Resin
Unidirectional Ply of HR Carbon
Manipulator Arm of Space Shuttle
LEVEL 2
Sandwich Beam: Simplified Calculations of the Shear Coefficient
Procedure for Calculation of a Laminate
Kevlar/Epoxy Laminates: Evolution of Stiffness Depending on the Direction of the Load
Residual Thermal Stresses Due to Curing of the Laminate
Thermoelastic Behavior of a Tube Made of Filament Wound Glass/Polyester
Polymeric Tube Loaded by Thermal Load and Creep
First Ply Fracture of a Laminate. Ultimate Fracture
Optimum Laminate for Isotropic Stress State
Laminate Made of Identical Layers of Balanced Fabric
Wing Spar in Carbon/Epoxy
Determination of the Elastic Characteristics of a Carbon/Epoxy Unidirectional Layer from Tensile Test
Sail Boat Shell in Glass/Polyester
Determination of the in-Plane Shear Modulus of a Balanced Fabric Ply
Quasi-Isotropic Laminate
Orthotropic Plate in Pure Torsion
Plate made by Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)
Thermoelastic Behavior of a Balanced Fabric Ply
LEVEL 3
Cylindrical Bonding
Double Bonded Joint
Composite Beam with Two Layers
Buckling of a Sandwich Beam
Shear Due to Bending in a Sandwich Beam
Column Made of Stretched Polymer
Cylindrical Bending of a Thick Orthotropic Plate under Uniform Loading
Bending of a Sandwich Plate
Bending Vibration of a Sandwich Beam

Appendix 1: Stresses in the Plies of a Laminate of Carbon/Epoxy Loaded in its Plane
Appendix 2: Buckling of Orthotropic Structures
Bibliography