Comprehensive Virology : Newly Characterized Vertebrate Viruses

The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science, having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming and num­ bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively few new-truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics, bio­ chemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and spec­ troscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000 pages in a total of about 18 volumes, represents a commitment by a large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in perspective, and to develop an invalua­ ble reference and sourcebook for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated concepts.

1Bunyaviridae.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Characteristics of the Bunyaviridae.- 1.2. Isolation and Relationships of Members and Possible Members of the Bunyaviridae Family..- 2. Structural Components and Their Functions.- 2.1. Virus Particle Morphology and Morphogenesis.- 2.2. Composition and Properties of Bunyavirus Particles.- 2.3. Diagrammatic Representation of Bunyavirus Virions.- 3. Replication of Bunyaviruses.- 3.1. Adsorption and Penetration.- 3.2. Primary Transcription: Early Viral Messenger RNA Synthesis.- 3.3. Viral Protein Synthesis.- 3.4. Virus RNA Replication.- 3.5. Secondary Transcription: Amplified Messenger RNA Synthesis.- 3.6. Virus Assembly and Budding.- 4. Genetics.- 4.1. Isolation and Characterization of Temperature-Sensitive, Conditional Lethal Bunyavirus Mutants.- 4.2. High-Frequency Homologous Virus Genetic Recombination.- 4.3. Complementation Analyses.- 4.4. Group I/II Double Mutants.- 4.5. High-Frequency Heterologous Recombination between Certain Bunyaviruses.- 4.6. Summary of the Bunyavirus Genetics Studies.- 5. Defective Interfering Virus.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 2Arenaviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Considerations.- 3. Pathobiology.- 4. Morphologic and Physical Properties.- 5. Proteins.- 5.1. Polypeptides.- 5.2. Antigens.- 6. Nucleic Acids.- 7. Internal Components of the Virus.- 7.1. Virus-Associated Ribosomes.- 7.2. Ribonucleoprotein Core.- 7.3. Virus-Associated Enzymes.- 8. Replication in Cultured Cells.- 9. Interference and Defective Interfering Particles.- 10. Concluding Remarks.- 11. References.- 3Coronaviridae.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Summary.- 1.2. Definition and Members of the Coronavirus Family.- 2. Virions.- 2.1. Morphology.- 2.2. Composition.- 2.3. Fine Structure and Arrangement of Virion Components.- 3. Growth Properties in Cell and Organ Culture.- 3.1. Infectivity Assays.- 3.2. Growth Curves and Multiplication Kinetics.- 3.3. Modification of Infectivity.- 4. Multiplication of Virus.- 4.1. Adsorption.- 4.2. Penetration and Uncoating.- 4.3. Biosynthesis of Viral Macromolecules.- 4.4. Assembly.- 4.5. General Comments.- 5. Alteration in Host Cell Metabolism.- 6. Defective Virus and Viral Interference.- 6.1. Defective Virus.- 6.2. Interference by Defective Virus.- 6.3. Other Forms of Interference.- 7. Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease.- 7.1. Spectrum of Disease.- 7.2. Route of Infection.- 7.3. Animal Response to Infection.- 7.4. Summary of Pathogenesis.- 8. Persistent Infections.- 9. Genetics.- 10. Conclusion.- 11. References.- 4Caliciviruses.- 1. Introduction and Classification.- 2. Natural History and Disease Aspects.- 2.1. Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus (VESV).- 2.2. San Miguel Sea Lion Virus (SMSV).- 2.3. Relationship between VESV and SMSV.- 2.4. Feline Calicivirus (FCV).- 2.5. Human Calicivirus.- 3. Antigenic Aspects.- 3.1. VESV and SMSV.- 3.2. FCV.- 3.3. Relation between FCV and VESV/SMSV.- 4. Caliciviruses in Cultured Cells.- 4.1. Growth and Host Range.- 4.2. Cytopathology.- 4.3. Genetics.- 4.4. Viral RNA.- 4.5. Viral Protein.- 5. The Virion.- 5.1. Purification.- 5.2. Morphology and Structure.- 5.3. Sedimentation.- 5.4. Buoyant Density.- 5.5. Inactivation and Stability.- 5.6. Virion RNA.- 5.7. Virion Protein.- 5.8. Virion Mass.- 6. Defective Interfering Virus.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- 8. Addendum.- 9. References.- 5Orbiviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Propagation and Assay Systems.- 2.1. Primary Isolation.- 2.2. Cultivation.- 2.3. Cytopathology.- 2.4. Assay Systems.- 3. The Virion.- 3.1. Morphology.- 3.2. Physicochemical Properties.- 3.3. The Viral Genome.- 3.4. The Viral Capsid.- 3.5. Viral Enzymes.- 4. Replication.- 4.1. Adsorption and Penetration.- 4.2. Site of Replication.- 4.3. Synthesis of Viral Nucleic Acids.- 4.4. Synthesis of Viral Proteins.- 4.5. Mutants and Defective Particles.- 4.6. Effect of Viral Infection on Cellular Functions.- 5. Antigenic Properties.- 5.1. Serological Reactions.- 5.2. Serological Classification.- 5.3. Antigens Involved in Antigenic Variation.- 5.4. Immunity.- 6. Epizootiology.- 6.1. Host Range.- 6.2. Transmission.- 6.3. Ecological Factors.- 6.4. Pathogenesis.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- 8. References.- 6Icosahedral Cytoplasmic Deoxyriboviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Classification and General Biological Properties of Icosahedral Cytoplasmic Deoxyriboviruses.- 3. Size, Morphology, and Structure.- 3.1. Size.- 3.2. Morphology and Structure.- 4. Physical Properties.- 5. Chemical Composition.- 5.1. DNA.- 5.2. Proteins and Enzyme Activities.- 5.3. Lipids.- 6. Replication.- 6.1. Replication of Frog Virus 3.- 6.2. Nuclear Requirement for ICDV Replication.- 7. Conclusions and Prospects for the Future.- 8. References.- 7Fish Viruses and Viral Infections.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fish Herpesviridae.- 2.1. Biology of the Diseases.- 2.2. Biology of the Viruses.- 3. Fish Iridoviridae.- 3.1. Biology of the Diseases.- 3.2. Biology of the Viruses.- 4. Fish Reoviridae.- 4.1. Biology of the Diseases.- 4.2. Biology of the Viruses.- 5. Fish Rhabdoviridae.- 5.1. Biology of the Diseases.- 5.2. Biology of the Viruses.- 6. Fish Retroviridae.- 6.1. Biology of the Diseases.- 6.2. Evidence of Putative Virus.- 7. Unclassified and Putative Fish Viruses Associated with Neoplasia.- 7.1. Stomatopapilloma of Eel-Associated Viruses.- 7.2. Brown Bullhead Papilloma-Associated Virus.- 7.3. Atlantic Salmon Papilloma-Associated Virus.- 7.4. Pleuronectid Epidermal Papilloma-Associated Virus.- 8. Unclassified and Putative Fish Viruses.- 8.1. Bluegill Virus.- 8.2. Grunt Fin Agent.- 8.3. Ulcerative Dermal Necrosis-Associated Virus.- 8.4. Gill Necrosis of Carp-Associated Virus.- 9. References.- 8Viruses of Human Hepatitis A and B.- 1. Introduction: Recognition of Hepatitis Viruses.- 2. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).- 2.1. Infectious HBV.- 2.2. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen.- 2.3. Hepatitis B Virion and Its DNA.- 2.4. Incomplete Hepatitis B Viral Forms.- 2.5. Hepatitis B Core Antigen (HBcAg).- 2.6. Hepatitis Be Antigen (HBeAg).- 2.7. Synthesis of HBV Antigens in Infected Liver.- 2.8. Current Estimate of the Number of HBV Genes and the Total Virus-Specified Polypeptide.- 3. Course of HBV Infection.- 3.1. Self-Limited HBV Infection.- 3.2. Persistent HBV Infection.- 4. Disease Associated with HBV Infection.- 4.1. Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B.- 4.2. Hepatocellular Carcinoma.- 4.3. Other Disease Syndromes Associated with HBV Infection.- 5. Epidemiology of HBV.- 5.1. Total Viral Hepatitis in the United States.- 5.2. HBV Infections in the United States.- 5.3. HBV Infections in Other Parts of the World.- 5.4. Persistent HBV Infection.- 5.5. HBV Transmission.- 6. Hepatitis A Virus (HAV).- 6.1. Infectious HAV.- 6.2. Hepatitis A Antigen (HAAg) Forms in Feces, Liver, and Bile.- 6.3. Viral Antigen Synthesis in Infected Liver.- 7. Course of HAV Infection.- 8. Immunity to HAV.- 9. Disease Associated with HAV Infection.- 10. Epidemiology of HAV Infections.- 10.1. Incidence of HAV Infection.- 10.2. Routes of HAV Transmission.- 11. References.