Comprehensive Virology: Reproduction of Small and Intermediate RNA Viruses

The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science, having only recently passed through its descriptive phase of naming and num­ bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively few new­ truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics, biochemical cytology, and high-resolution microscopy and spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information explosion. Few serious attempts have so far been made to chronicle these events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000 pages in a total of about 22 volumes, represents a commitment by a large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of which is now amorphous and disjointed and scattered throughout a wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in perspective as well as to develop an invaluable reference and sourcebook for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed as a continuum that can be entered anywhere but which also provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated concepts.

1 Comprehensive Virology:Reproduction of Small and Intermediate RNA Viruses of RNA Bacteriophages.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Properties of the RNA Phage.- 2.1. Properties of the Particles.- 2.2. Physical Properties of the RNA.- 2.3. Properties of the Phage Proteins.- 3. Translation.- 3.1. Regulation of Translation.- 3.2. Polarity.- 3.3. The Repressor Role of Coat Protein.- 3.4. Translation In Vitro.- 4. Replication.- 4.1. RNA Replication In Vivo.- 4.2. RNA Replication In Vitro.- 5. Adsorption and Penetration.- 6. Assembly.- 7. The Relation of Phage Infection and Host Metabolism.- 7.1. Host Metabolism Required for Phage Synthesis.- 7.2. Phage-Induced Changes in Host Metabolism.- 8. Conclusion.- 9. References.- 2 Comprehensive Virology:Reproduction of Small and Intermediate RNA Viruses of Small Plant RNA Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nature of the Host-Virus System.- 2.1 Types and Properties of Plant Viruses.- 2.2. Some General Features of Infection.- 2.3. Virus Transmission.- 2.4. Early Events of Infection.- 3. Replication of Viral Nucleic Acid.- 3.1. Some Properties of Plant Virus RNA.- 3.2. Virus-Related RNA Found in Infected Tissue.- 3.3. Mechanism of RNA Replication.- 3.4. Site of RNA Replication.- 4. Translation of Viral Nucleic Acid.- 4.1. Virus-Related Proteins Found in Infected Tissue.- 4.2. Mapping of Cistrons in the Viral Genome.- 4.3. Control Mechanisms for Translation.- 5. Assembly of Virions.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- 7. References.- 3 Comprehensive Virology:Reproduction of Small and Intermediate RNA Viruses of Picornaviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Some Aspects of the Structure and Chemistry of Picornaviruses.- 2.1. General Considerations.- 2.2. Nature and Organization of Structural Proteins.- 2.3. Correlations between Structural Organization and Immunological Reactivity.- 2.4. Viral RNA.- 3. Features of the Interaction between Picornaviruses and Cells.- 3.1. Ratio of Physical Particles to Infectious Units.- 3.2. Intracellular Site of Replication.- 3.3. Role of Cellular Functions.- 4. Infectivity of Picornavirus RNA.- 5. The Role of Membranes in Picornavirus Replication.- 6. Early Events in the Infectious Cycle.- 7. Inhibition of the Biosynthetic Processes of the Host Cell.- 7.1. General Considerations.- 7.2. Effects of Infection on the Synthesis of Cellular Protein.- 7.3. Inhibition of Cellular RNA Synthesis.- 7.4. Inhibition of DNA Synthesis.- 7.5. Degeneration and Death of the Infected Cell.- 8. Synthesis of Viral Protein.- 8.1. Formation and Function of Virus-Specific Polyribosomes.- 8.2. Kinetics of Synthesis of Viral Protein.- 8.3. Initiation of Protein Synthesis.- 8.4. Polypeptide Synthesis and Cleavage.- 8.5. Synthesis of Viral Protein In Vitro.- 9. Synthesis of Viral RNA.- 9.1. Time Course of Synthesis of Viral RNA.- 9.2. Induction of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase or Replicase.- 9.3. Multistranded Species of RNA: Replicative Form (RF) and Replicative Intermediate (RI).- 9.4. Relationship of Extracted RF and RI to Intracellular Structures.- 9.5. Formation and Fate of RF and RI.- 9.6. Properties of RF.- 9.7. Properties of RI.- 9.8. Mechanism of Replication of RNA.- 10. Regulation of the Viral Growth Cycle.- 11. Aspects of the Morphogenesis of Picornaviruses.- 12. Inhibition of Multiplication of Picornaviruses.- 12.1. General Considerations.- 12.2. Agents Which Interfere with Protein Synthesis.- 12.3. Agents Which Affect RNA Synthesis.- 12.4. Specific Inhibitors of Picornaviruses.- 13. Genetics of Picornaviruses.- 13.1. General Comments.- 13.2. Isolation and Characterization of Mutants.- 13.3. Effects of Temperature on the Growth of Picornaviruses; Properties of Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- 13.4. Genetic Recombination.- 13.5. Complementation.- 14. Other Topics.- 14.1. Interference.- 14.2. Defective-Interfering Particles.- 14.3. Effects of Various Environmental Factors on the Multiplication of Picornaviruses.- 14.4. Homologies in Nucleotide Sequence among Picornaviruses.- 15. Concluding Comments.- 16. References.- 4 Comprehensive Virology:Reproduction of Small and Intermediate RNA Viruses of Togaviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Composition.- 2.1. Morphology and Stability.- 2.2. Chemical Composition.- 3. Replication.- 3.1. Growth Curves.- 3.2. Cytopathology.- 3.3. Genetics.- 3.4. Effect of Infection on Cellular Biosynthetic Activities.- 3.5. Synthesis of Viral RNA.- 3.6. Synthesis of Virus-Specific Proteins.- 3.7. Morphogenesis.- 3.8. Defective-Interfering Particles.- 4. References.- 5 Comprehensive Virology:Reproduction of Small and Intermediate RNA Viruses of Reoviridae.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Nature of the Virion.- 2.1. Occurrence in Nature.- 2.2. Measurement.- 2.3. Morphology.- 2.4. Purification.- 2.5. Stability.- 3. The Nature of the RNA.- 3.1. Reovirus.- 3.2. Orbiviruses.- 3.3. Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Viruses.- 3.4. The Plant Virus Genus.- 4. The Nature of the Capsid Polypeptides.- 4.1. Reovirus.- 4.2. Orbiviruses.- 4.3. Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Viruses.- 4.4. The Plant Virus Genus.- 5. The Transcriptase.- 5.1. Reovirus.- 5.2. Orbiviruses.- 5.3. Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Viruses.- 5.4. The Plant Virus Genus.- 6. The Replication of Reoviruses.- 6.1. Morphological Studies.- 6.2. The One-Step Growth Cycle.- 6.3. Adsorption and Uptake.- 6.4. Uncoating.- 6.5. The Transcription of Reovirus mRNA.- 6.6. The Translation of Reovirus mRNA.- 6.7. The Formation of Progeny Double-Stranded RNA.- 6.8. Morphogenesis.- 6.9. The Genesis of Reovirus Oligonucleotides.- 6.10. Reovirus Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- 6.11. Genome-Segment Deletion Mutants.- 6.12. The Effect of Reovirus Infection on Host Cell Functions.- 6.13. The Effect of Inhibitors on Reovirus Multiplication.- 6.14. The Induction of Interferon by Reovirus.- 7. The Replication of Orbiviruses.- 8. The Replication of the Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Viruses.- 9. The Replication of Members of the Plant Virus Genus.- 10. References.