Computer-aided Design Techniques for Low Power Sequential Logic Circuits

Rapid increases in chip complexity, increasingly faster clocks, and the proliferation of portable devices have combined to make power dissipation an important design parameter. The power consumption of a digital system determines its heat dissipation as well as battery life. For some systems, power has become the most critical design constraint.
Computer-Aided Design Techniques for Low Power Sequential Logic Circuits presents a methodology for low power design. The authors first present a survey of techniques for estimating the average power dissipation of a logic circuit. At the logic level, power dissipation is directly related to average switching activity. A symbolic simulation method that accurately computes the average switching activity in logic circuits is then described. This method is extended to handle sequential logic circuits by modeling correlation in time and by calculating the probabilities of present state lines.
Computer-Aided Design Techniques for Low Power Sequential Logic Circuits then presents a survey of methods to optimize logic circuits for low power dissipation which target reduced switching activity. A method to retime a sequential logic circuit where registers are repositioned such that the overall glitching in the circuit is minimized is also described. The authors then detail a powerful optimization method that is based on selectively precomputing the output logic values of a circuit one clock cycle before they are required, and using the precomputed value to reduce internal switching activity in the succeeding clock cycle.
Presented next is a survey of methods that reduce switching activity in circuits described at the register-transfer and behavioral levels. Also described is a scheduling algorithm that reduces power dissipation by maximising the inactivity period of the modules in a given circuit.
Computer-Aided Design Techniques for Low Power Sequential Logic Circuits concludes with a summary and directions for future research.

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Power as a Design Constraint.- 1.2 Organization of this Book.- References.- 2 Power Estimation.- 2.1 Power Dissipation Model.- 2.2 Switching Activity Estimation.- 2.2.1 Simulation-Based Techniques.- 2.2.2 Issues in Probabilistic Estimation Techniques.- 2.2.3 Probabilistic Techniques.- 2.3 Summary.- References.- 3 A Power Estimation Method for Combinational Circuits.- 3.1 Symbolic Simulation.- 3.2 Transparent Latches.- 3.3 Modeling Inertial Delay.- 3.4 Power Estimation Results.- 3.5 Summary.- References.- 4 Power Estimation for Sequential Circuits.- 4.1 Pipelines.- 4.2 Finite State Machines: Exact Method.- 4.2.1 Modeling Temporal Correlation.- 4.2.2 State Probability Computation.- 4.2.3 Power Estimation given State Probabilities.- 4.3 Finite State Machines: Approximate Method.- 4.3.1 Basis for the Approximation.- 4.3.2 Computing Present State Line Probabilities.- 4.3.3 Picard-Peano Method.- 4.3.4 Newton-Raphson Method.- 4.3.5 Improving Accuracy using m-Expanded Networks.- 4.3.6 Improving Accuracy using k-Unrolled Networks.- 4.3.7 Redundant State Lines.- 4.4 Results on Sequential Power Estimation Techniques.- 4.5 Modeling Correlation of Input Sequences.- 4.5.1 Completely and Incompletely Specified Input Sequences.- 4.5.2 Assembly Programs.- 4.5.3 Experimental Results.- 4.6 Summary.- References.- 5 Optimization Techniques for Low Power Circuits.- 5.1 Power Optimization by Transistor Sizing.- 5.2 Combinational Logic Level Optimization.- 5.2.1 Path Balancing.- 5.2.2 Don’t-care Optimization.- 5.2.3 Logic Factorization.- 5.2.4 Technology Mapping.- 5.3 Sequential Optimization.- 5.3.1 State Encoding.- 5.3.2 Encoding in the Datapath.- 5.3.3 Gated Clocks.- 5.4 Summary.- References.- 6 Retiming for Low Power.- 6.1 Review of Retiming.- 6.1.1 Basic Concepts.- 6.1.2 Applications of Retiming.- 6.2 Retiming for Low Power.- 6.2.1 Cost Function.- 6.2.2 Verifying a Given Clock Period.- 6.2.3 Retiming Constraints.- 6.2.4 Executing the Retiming.- 6.3 Experimental Results.- 6.4 Conclusions.- References.- 7 Precomputation.- 7.1 Subset Input Disabling Precomputation.- 7.1.1 Subset Input Disabling Precomputation Architecture.- 7.1.2 An Example.- 7.1.3 Synthesis of Precomputation Logic.- 7.1.4 Multiple-Output Functions.- 7.1.5 Examples of Precomputation Applied to Datapath Modules.- 7.1.6 Multiple Cycle Precomputation.- 7.1.7 Experimental Results for the Subset Input Disabling Architecture.- 7.2 Complete Input Disabling Precomputation.- 7.2.1 Complete Input Disabling Precomputation Architecture.- 7.2.2 An Example.- 7.2.3 Synthesis of Precomputation Logic.- 7.2.4 Simplifying the Original Combinational Logic Block.- 7.2.5 Multiple-Output Functions.- 7.2.6 Experimental Results for the Complete Input Disabling Architecture.- 7.3 Combinational Precomputation.- 7.3.1 Combinational Logic Precomputation.- 7.3.2 Precomputation at the Inputs.- 7.3.3 Precomputation for Arbitrary Sub-Circuits in a Circuit.- 7.3.4 Experimental Results for the Combinational Precomputation Architecture.- 7.4 Multiplexor-Based Precomputation.- 7.5 Conclusions.- References.- 8 High-Level Power Estimation and Optimization.- 8.1 Register Transfer Level Power Estimation.- 8.1.1 Functional Modules.- 8.1.2 Controller.- 8.1.3 Interconnect.- 8.2 Behavioral Level Synthesis for Low Power.- 8.2.1 Transformation Techniques.- 8.2.2 Scheduling Techniques.- 8.2.3 Allocation Techniques.- 8.2.4 Optimizations at the Register-Transfer Level.- 8.3 Conclusions.- References.- 9 Conclusion.- 9.1 Power Estimation at the Logic Level.- 9.2 Optimization Techniques at the Logic Level.- 9.3 Estimation and Optimization Techniques at the RT Level.- References.