Concerted European Action on Magnets (CEAM)

The beneficial impact of the European communities involvement in scientific research and technology is wide-ranging and pervasive. There are high hopes of major advances in scientific knowledge and technological processes, while the emergence of a genuine tradition of collaborative research holds out great and continuing promise for the future. Close, frequent and long-term cooperation between universities, research centres and industry is already generating new synergies, forging a truly European scientific community. Many of tomorrows industrial developments, destined to be determinant for our economic success and prosperity, will spring from this research. The Concerted European Action on Magnets - CEAM - project is a prime example of collaborative research and development. Financed from the Communities STIMULATION action and implemented with the help of EURAM, the advanced materials programme, CEAM will bestow great benefits on European industrial competitiveness, providing a channel for high quality basic research to find its way into commercial products. This remarkable cooperative enterprise brought t~gether 58 laboratories and more than 120 scientists and englneers in a sustained thirty month effort. It spanned every aspect of new iron-based high performance magnets from theoretical modelling of their intrinsic magnetic properties to the design and construction of novel electrical devices and machines. Besides adding a new European dimension to advanced magnetic technology, CEAM also ensured that a whole new generation of young researchers and technicians have been trained in applied magnetism.

Section I: Research Collaboration in Europe — the Example of CEAM.- Section I: Research Collaboration in Europe — the Example of CEAM.- Section II: Rare Earth Permanent Magnets — the Contribution of CEAM.- Section II: Rare Earth Permanent Magnets — the Contribution of CEAM.- Section III: Final Reports of Participants.- A. Materials.- 1: New Phases, Structures and Properties.- 1.1 The Prediction of Structure-type and Magnetic Properties of Iron-based Alloys.- 1.2 A Survey of the Experimental Literature on the B-Fe-Nd System and Related Topics.- 1.3 Novel Ternary Fe-Rich Rare Earth Intermetal1ics.- 1.4 Intrinsic Magnetic Properties of Iron-rich Compounds with the Nd2Fe14B or ThMn12Structure.- 1.5 A Search for New Permanent Magnet Materials: Crystallographic and Magnetic Properties of New Compounds.- 1.6 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth-Transition Metal-Metalloid Alloys.- 1.7 A Search for New Fe-Rich Phases for the Development of Permanent Magnets.- 1.8 Novel Ternary Gd-Fe-Ti Alloys with ThMn12 Structure.- 1.9 Structural and Magnetic Properties of RE2Fe17Hx (RE = Nd,Sm) Hybrides and Iron-rich Compounds Nd(Co1-xFex)9Si2 and Gd(FexAl1-x)12.- 1.10 Structural and Magnetic Properties of So«e RE-(Fe,Mn)-(B,X) Alloys.- Summary of discussions: Buschow and Pettifor.- 2: Magnetic Properties and Chemical Substitution.- 2.1 Magnetic Properties of the the R2Fe14BConpounds (R = Rare Earth), a Series of R-FE Interaetallics.- 2.2 Magnetic Interactions in Rare-Earth — 3d Internetallies.- 2.3 Macroscopic Studies of Magnetic Anistropy in Rare-Earth Internetallic Compounds.- 2.4 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Magnetic Properties of Substituted Nd2Fe14B Alloys and Magnets.- 2.5 Crystal Cheaistry, Physical Properties, Hydridation Properties of Nd2Fe14B — Type of Compounds.- 2.6 Elaboration and Characterization of Nd2Fe14B — T y p e Phases and their Hydrides.- 2.7 Magnetostriction and Low Field Magnetization Processes in R E2F e1 4B Compounds.- Summary of discussions: Franse and Kirchmayr.- 3: Atomic Scale Magnetism.- 3.1 N.M.R. Study of Intermetal1ic Compounds for Permanent Magnets.- 3.2 A Mdssbauer Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of R2 ( Fe,Co)14B and Related Compounds.- 3.3 Mdssbauer Study by 57Fe and 174Yb Mössbauer Spectroscopies of Yb2Fe 14B, RCo4-xFexB (R = Pr, Nd, Sm, Er, Tm, Lu) and SmFe10T2 (T = Ti, V, Si).- 3.4 Intrinsic Properties of Ternary Rare-Earth Compounds from 57Fe, 161Dy, 166Er Mössbauer Spectroscopies.- 3.5 Hyperfine Interactions on R-Fe-B Compounds Studied by Mössbauer Spectroscopy.- 3.6 Development of 157Gd and 145N d Mössbauer Resonances.- Summary of discussions: Czjzek and Niarchos.- 4: Phase Relations and Microstructure.- 4.1 Phase Equilibria in Fe-Nd-B and Related Systems and Microstructure of Sintered Fe-Nd-B Magnets.- 4.2 Effect of Some Addition Elements on the Phase Equilibria and Microstructure of Nd-Fe-B Alloys.- 4.3 The Nd15Fe77B8 Microstructure: Some Effects of Oxygen for Different Solidification Conditions.- Summary of discussions: Allibert and Schneider.- 5: Microstructure and Coercivity.- 5.1 Coercivity Mechanises in Nd-Fe-B and other Sintered Magnets.- 5.2 Magnetic Hardening Mechanise in Re-Fe-B Permanent Magnets.- 5.3 The Microstructure and Extrinsic Magnetic Properties of NdFeB-based Materials.- 5.4 Magnetic Hardening Studies in Nd-Fe-B Magnets.- 5.5 Magnetization, Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy, Doaain Vail Energies and Thicknesses in R2Fe14-B Materials with R = Nd, Gd, Dy and Ho.- 5.6 Nd-Fe-B Magnets by Melt Spinning.- 5.7 Coercivity Distribution and Magnetic Stability of Nd-Fe-B Alloys.- Summary of discussions: Fidler and Grundy.- B. Magnet Processing.- 6: Ingot Materials — Characterisation, Powder Processing and Melt Spinning.- 6.1 Cast Rare Earth Alloys for Magnetic Materials Research.- 6.2 The Preparation of Neodyaiua-Metal and NdFeB-Alloys.- 6.3 Microstructural and Hydrogen Absorption Studies on Neodyaiua-Iron-Boron Materials.- 6.4 A Study of Nd-Fe-B Magnets Produced Using a Combination of Hydrogen Decrepitation and Jet Milling.- 6.5 A Contribution to the Mechanism of the Hydrogenation of Nd-Fe-B-Alloys and the Use of Hydrogenated Alloy for Permanent Magnet Production.- 6.6 Oxidation Sizing Experiments on Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnet Powders.- 6.7 Compositional and Process Effects on Structures and Properties of Fe-Nd-B-Based Ribbons and Magnets Produced by the Melt Spinning Route.- 6.8 Preferential Crystallite Orientation in Nd-Fe-B Melt Spun Flakes.- 6.9 The Production of NdFeB Magnets by the Rapid Solidification Processing Route.- Summary of discussions: Rozendaal and Davies.- 7: Magnets — Production, Characterisation and Corrosion.- 7.1 Preparation and Characterisation of Sintered NdFeB Magnets.- 7.2 The Development and Implementation of Commercially Viable Processing Techniques for Neodymium Iron Boron Magnets.- 7.3 Some Aspects of the Structure and Performance of NdFeB Ingots and Magnets.- 7.4 Feasibility Study of a Method to Obtain Corrosion Protection of the NdFeB-Type Magnet.- 7.5 The Stability of Nd-Fe-B Magnets.- Summary of discussions: Davies and Rozendaal.- 8: New Processes.- 8.1 Anisotropic NdFeB Magnets by Plastic Deformation of Cast Samples.- 8.2 A Novel Process for Rare-Earth Iron Boron Permanent Magnets Preparation.- 8.3 New developments in Bonded Nd-Fe-B Magnets.- Summary of discussions: Coey.- C. Applications.- 9: Rotating Machines.- 9.1 Design and Performance of Small Brushless Machines with Nd-Fe-B Magnets.- 9.2 The Potential for NdFeB Magnets in Electrical Machines and other Permanent Magnet Excited Devices.- 9.3 Permanent-Magnet A.C. and D.C. Machines.- 9.4 Computer Aided Design of Nd-Fe-B Permanent Magnet Motors.- 9.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Neodymium Iron Boron in Electric Motors.- 9.6 Three Phase Pulse Width Modulation Waveform Generator for Use with Permanent Magnet Motors.- 9.7 Assembly of a Disc-Type Motor with High Energy Permanent Magnets.- 9.8 Magnetising Multi-Pole Nd-Fe-B Magnets.- 9.9 New Design of a Hybrid Stepping Motor Using Nd-Fe-B Permanent Magnets.- 9.10 FeNdB for Slotless, Brushless D.C. Machines.- 9.11 The Role of Neodymium-Iron-Boron in Relation to Other Materials for Permanent Magnet Machines with Embedded Rotor Magnets.- Summary of discussions: Kamerbeek and Hanitsch.- 10: Static Permanent Magnet Devices.- 10.1 NdFeB Magnets: A Novel Magnetic Design for the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (E.C.R.I.S.).- 10.2 Permanent Magnet Systen for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- Summary of discussions: Locher.- Appendix .i. List of CODEST members.- Appendix .ii. Names and addresses of CEAM participants.- Appendix .iii. List of publications of CEAM participants (by subcontract).- Appendix .iv. Subject index.- Appendix .v. List of Authors.