Continuous Transcutaneous Monitoring

The i nterna ti ona 1 symposi a on transcutaneous monitori ng have dea It with the interaction between ideas and research, the introduction of unconventional techniques into clinical practice, and the joint efforts of researchers, clinicians, and industry to design and manufacture prac­ tical equipment for noninvasive monitoring. The First International Symposium on Continuous Transcutaneous Blood Gas Monitoring took place in Marburg, West Germany, from May 31 to June 2, 1978. This was the first major international meeting exclusively devoted to transcutaneous blood gas monitoring, and it was attended by the scientists who had developed this technique or had been \'Jorking with it, by a large number of doctors, mainly neonatologists who had just begun to use the technique or hoped to do so, and, finally, a rather large number of representatives of industry. The second symposium, with the same title, was held in Zurich, Switzerland, October 14-16, 1981. This time the focus was, to a large extent, on transcutaneous PC0 monitori ng, for whi ch equipment had become 2 commercially available only a short time before. Fetal monitoring was also discussed at length, as was the use of the transcutaneous techniques in other fields, such as vascular surgery and experimental animal research. The third symposium, October 1-4, 1986, was again held in Zurich. It \'Jas entitled "Continuous Transcutaneous Monitoring," indicating that not only blood gases but also other parameters could be monitored trans­ cutaneous ly.

Reviews of Main Themes.- History, Status and Future of Pulse Oximetry.- Possibilities and Limitations of the Transcutaneous Measuring Technique. A Theoretical Analysis.- Growth and Development of Transcutaneous Monitoring in the U.S.A. — 1978-1986.- Transcutaneous Po2 and Pco2 Monitoring at 37°C. Cutaneous Po2 and Pco2.- Performance of Transcutaneous Electrodes.- The Measurement of tcPo2 and tcPco2 in Newborn Infants at 44°C, 42°C and 37°C after Initial Heating to 44°C.- Drift in Vivo of Transcutaneous Dual Electrodes.- Evaluation of Single Sensor Transcutaneous Measurement of Po2 and Pco2 in the Neonate.- Current Correction Factors Inadequately Predict the Relationship between Transcutaneous (tc) and Arterial Pco2 in Sick Neonates.- Computing the Oxygen Status of the Blood from Heated Skin Po2.- Application in Adults.- Transcutaneous Monitoring of Po2 and Pco2 during Running — A Non-Invasive Determination of Gas Transport.- Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension during Exercise in Patients with Pulmonary Emphysema.- The Effect of Inhaled Bronchoconstrictors on Transcutaneous Gas Tensions in Normal Adult Subjects.- In Vivo Calibration of a Transcutaneous Oxygen Electrode in Adult Patients.- Inflammation and Transcutaneous Measurement of Oxygen Pressure in Dermatology.- Diagnostic Assessment of Diabetic Microangiopathy by tcPo2 Stimulation Tests.- Application in Perinatology.- Transcutaneous Blood Gases and Sleep Apnea Profile in Healthy Preterm Infants during Early Infancy.- Transcutaneous Monitoring as Trigger for Therapy of Hypoxemia during Sleep.- Effectiveness of Combined Transcutaneous Po2/Pco2 Monitoring of Newborns.- Incidence and Severity of Retinopathy in Low Birth Weight Infants Monitored by tcPo2.- Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring and Retinopathy of Prematurity.- Combined Transcutaneous Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide Tensions and End-expired CO2 Levels in Severely Ill Newborns.- Transcutaneous Po2 and Pco2 during Surfactant Therapy in Newborn Infants witn Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome.- Continuous Fetal Acid-Base Assessment during Labour by tcPco2 Monitoring.- Microvascular Dynamics during Acute Asphyxia in Chronically Prepared Fetal Sheep near Term.- Pulse Oximetry.- Pulse Oximetry: Physical Principles, Technical Realization and Present Limitations.- Pulse Oximetry - an Alternative to Transcutaneous Po2in Sick Newborns.- Application of the Ohmeda Biox 3700 Pulse Oximeter to Neonatal Oxygen Monitoring.- Pulse Oximetry and Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension for Detection of Hypoxemia in Critically Ill Infants and Children.- Is Pulse Oximetry Reliable in Detecting Hyperoxemia in the Neonate?.- Comparison between Transcutaneous Po2 and Pulse Oximetry for Monitoring O2-Treatment in Newborns.- The Accuracy of the Pulse Oximeter in Neonates.- Pulse Oximetry and Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension in Hypoxemic Neonates and Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.- Control of Pedicle and Microvascular Tissue Transfer by Photometric Reflection Oximetry.- Comparison of in Vivo Response Times between Pulse Oximetry and Transcutaneous PO2 Monitoring.- Errors in the Measurement of CO-Hemoglobin in Fetal Blood by Automated Multicomponent Analysis.- A Simple Method for HbF Analysis.- Skin Blood Flow.- Capillary Blood Pressure.- Microvasculatory Evaluation of Vasospastic Syndromes.- Infrared Fluorescence Videomicroscopy with Indocyanine Green (Cardiogreen ®).- Measurement of Tissue Blood Flow by High Frequency Doppler Ultrasound.- Laser-Doppler Probes for the Evaluation of Arterial Ischemia.- Skin Reactive Hyperemia Recorded by a Combined tcPo2 and Laser Doppler Sensor.- Comparison of Laser-Doppler-Flux and tcPo2 in Healthy Probands and Patients with Arterial Ischemia.- The Use of the Hellige Oxymonitor to Study Skin Blood Flow Changes.- Calculation of Skin Blood Flow.- Estimated Peripheral Blood FLow in Premature Newborn Infants.- Skin Blood Flow Calculations from Transcutaneous Gas Pressure Measurements.- The Percentual Initial Slope Index of tcPo2 as a Measure of the Peripheral Circulation and its Measurements by different tcPo2 Electrodes.- Examinations on the Blood Flow Dependence of tcPO2 Using the Model of the “Circulatory Hyperbola”.- Estimation of the Determinants of Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension Using a Dynamic Computer Model.- Technical Aspects of Continuous Monitoring.- Quality and Safety Aspects in the Development and Fabrication of Transcutaneous Sensors.- A New System for tcPo2 Long-Term Monitoring Using a Two-Electrode Sensor with Alternating Heating.- A Novel Approach for an ECG Electrode Integrated into a Transcutaneous Sensor.- Microelectronic Sensors for Simultaneous Measurement of Po2and pH.- A Modified Electrode Ring for Use in Transcutaneous Measurement of Po2.- Multichannel Recording and Analysis of Physiological Data Using a Personal Computer.- Continuous Non-Invasive Beat-by-Beat Blood Pressure (B.P.) Measurement in the Newborn.- The Relative Accuracy of Three Transcutaneous Dual Electrodes at 45° in Adults.- Contributors.