Hari was not among those who were killed on May 21, 1991, whenthe suicide bomber got her target. They found only his camera andsurmised that he too had died in the blast that killed the formerprime minister and all those thronging around him. Since that fatefulday, it was the sixth time that he was making the narrow crossingacross the Palk Straits, which separates the Indian mainland fromSri Lanka. Each time it had felt like the last.

His mission was to frustrate the voyage of the ship MV Akbar,which was carrying the first load of Tamil refugees back to SriLanka. He had considered two options. The softer one was to createdissension among the refugees on board upon the ship's arrivalto an insecure homecoming and to force the captain to abort thevoyage. The harder one was to detonate an on-board explosion, whichwould force the same result. He had been told repeatedly that themission was crucial to restore the prestige of the Tamil Tigers, toembarrass the governments of Sri Lanka and India, and to convincethe international community that conditions in northeast Sri Lankadid not warrant the return of the Tamil refugees.

The mission was even more important to Hari personally.His standing in the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, or LTTE,the richest and most ruthless of international terrorist groupsoperating in Sri Lanka, had suffered after his perceived failure inthe assassination attempt; the loss of his camera had left valuableclues for the perpetrators of that terrible act. Under the field nameof Kandeepan, which he was given when he joined the LTTE, Hariwas considered by the LTTE rank and file to be endowed with theaura of Gandiva—the mythological unbreakable bow of Arjuna, thehero of the renowned Hindu text, the Mahabharata. There was afeeling in the organization that he had gone soft with the creaturecomforts of the European bases, such as Geneva and Nicosia, thathe had operated out of. In every sense, this was his last throw of thedice, for all he had come to believe in—even for his life.

In the organization, the failure of a mission cost an operativehis or her life; indeed, even success could mean the same, shouldit become necessary to bite the cyanide capsule all field operativescarried round their necks to leave no possibility of capture.

CHAPTER 2

The Palk Straits

After a number of false starts, the meeting between the Indian primeminister and the Sri Lankan president took place in Colombo onDecember 21, 1991, on the occasion of the Summit of the SouthAsian Association for Regional Cooperation. It was the first meetingbetween the two leaders after a period of bitterness and acrimonyfollowing the virtually forced withdrawal of the Indian Peace KeepingForce from Sri Lanka in March 1990. It had followed the assassinationon May 31, 1991, of Rajiv Gandhi, who was on the cusp of winningthe general elections that would have made him prime minister ofIndia once again. The assassin was allegedly part of the dreaded SriLankan terrorist organization LTTE, which was fighting a war withthe Sri Lankan government, aiming to create a separate state of TamilEelam, carved out from north and east Sri Lanka and parts of theIndian state of Tamil Nadu.

Both leaders were keen to rekindle the traditional warmth andfriendship between the two peoples that had been lost after thedisastrous withdrawal of the Indian Peace Keeping Force from theisland. The decision to start the return of the Sri Lankan Tamilrefugees from India was the most significant result of their encounter.This was the first time in the nearly ten years, since the anti-Tamilethnic riots of July 1983, that the two governments had decidedto reverse the steady stream of Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka tothe southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, despite the continuinginsecurity for the Tamil population in north and east Sri Lanka.While the Indian government wanted to reduce political pressure onTamil Nadu, the Sri Lankan government wanted to project a veneerof normalcy to the international community. Both governmentsaimed to reinforce their relationship and isolate the LTTE. Neitherminimized the difficulties of logistics and maritime security inmoving a large number of refugees at night on a slow-moving shipcrossing the treacherous waters of the Palk Straits. They were acutelyaware that a failure would rebound politically and lose them prestigeinternationally. The plan had to succeed.

The Palk Straits, which separated the two countries, consistedof no more than thirty kilometers of shoal-ridden shallow passageacross the sea and had become the safety valve for a beleagueredcommunity in the north of the island to move to Tamil Nadu eachtime the people felt unsafe at home. A pogrom in July 1983 againstthe minority Tamil community by the majority Sinhalese communityhad unleashed a civil war on that beautiful island. The refugee inflowhad then reached a crescendo after increasing military hostilitybetween the LTTE and the Sri Lankan government. Expectedly, oncethe decision became public, there was an outcry, in part orchestratedby the LTTE, and in part due to the genuine misgivings of some reliefand humanitarian organizations that feared that the refugees werebeing sent back against their will only to further a political imperativefor both governments.

The first voyage of the MV Akbar was fixed for January 13, 1992.It was scheduled to leave Madras harbor at six in the morning andreach Trincomalee by seven that evening.

A letter from his parents had conveyed to Hari rumors amongthe Sri Lankan Tamil community of the Indian government's likelydecision to send the refugees back. He could not believe his eyes. Hewondered what had provoked such a cruel decision. He could notimagine his Tamil compatriots who had fled to India leaving all theirworldly possessions behind not feeling extreme agony in having toreturn to a country still in the throes of ethnic tension and insecurity.

Hari was aghast when he learned that the decision was to bemade at a summit meeting in Colombo between the Indian primeminister and the Sri Lankan president. The political decision wouldsuit not only both the governments, but also the United NationsHigh Commissioner for Refugees, or UNHCR. For the Sri Lankangovernment, the return of the refugees was expected to strengthenthe government's claim to Western donors as a sign of the return tonormalcy. It also hoped that the return of the Tamil refugees wouldprovide the bonus of lessening Indian interest in Sri Lanka's internalsituation. For the Indian government, the return of the Sri Lankanrefugees would reduce the LTTE's unbridled political and economicaccess in Tamil Nadu that had resulted from the presence of the largenumber of refugees. The UNHCR issued a statement expressing thehope that the proposed movement would be voluntary and conveyingits readiness to help. It hoped that this "positive" attitude would removethe Indian government's resistance to allowing the organization anyfoothold on the Indian side of the Sri Lankan refugee story.

Hari wondered what would happen to the nearly two hundredthousand refugees, some of whom had been in India since July1983, spread out over Tamil Nadu and its neighboring states andhaving made their homes in little villages and in refugee camps. Itseemed inhuman, especially since the security situation in northeastSri Lanka was bad and individual safety could not be assured. Themajority of refugees were from the Jaffna and Mannar districts, bothdeclared no-go areas by the Sri Lankan army. The only prospect forthe refugees now was to go to refugee camps on the other side. Theones on the Sri Lankan side were far more makeshift, as they hadbeen set up in a hurry to prepare for the arrival of these refugees. TheIndian government had even provided materials and funds to help theoperation. The construction of housing tenements of tarpaulin andplywood, the food distribution system in the camps, and the provisionof health care services all had yet to be used. Hari felt that it was amost unsatisfactory situation in which to throw the refugees.

Meanwhile, the LTTE and others had already started a campaignagainst the proposed return of the refugees. They saw it as a politicaland military defeat, as they believed no refugees should return to SriLanka, which was still far from normal. Militarily, the reverse flowwould also demonstrate the Sri Lanka government's confidence intaking on the LTTE cadres operating in northern and eastern SriLanka. The two governments appeared to be acting in unison againstthe LTTE. Hari wondered whether the LTTE had thought of thisparticular consequence of their assassination of Rajiv Gandhi.

The letter from his parents, who were among the refugees, alsoinformed him that the state authorities had come around to checktheir willingness to return—a preliminary procedure to avoid theodium of having forced the refugees out. They had been told thatit would be better for them to go. There could be many difficultiesin their day-to-day lives if they continued to stay, particularly thewithdrawal of special facilities for securing cooking gas, free foodrations, and medicine. It appeared to Hari that even the Tamil Nadugovernment had decided to reduce the burden the large numbers ofTamil refugees had become over the years.

His father wrote, "Frankly, we never wanted to leave Jaffna inthe first place. But at that time there seemed to be no other choice.We went away then in the hope that all this would end soon. It isnow going to be almost ten years that we have been here. Anotheruprooting will really kill us. Besides, what are we going back to? Wehad hoped for the same understanding from the Indian authoritiesthat we have had all this time. Once again, we have become pawns inthe political game of the two countries. We really feel drained of allemotion and feeling. I suppose we will have to fall in line." The Indiangovernment had decided to start with sea shuttles between Madrasand Trincomalee.

It was incredibly sad for Hari to read these words. And tothink that now even he was a contributor in their misfortune—he'drealized that even in the LTTE's stance, the political aspect, notthe humanitarian one, was dominant. He was sure that there werea number of others who shared the same feeling of despondencyand frustration. A sense of inevitability came through in his father'swords, yet he offered no criticism of the LTTE.

Hari had no idea how to react to this new development. He feltfrustrated and powerless. There was very little he could do for hisparents. He could of course go to Madras and join them in their returnjourney, or alternately go to Jaffna and be there when they arrived. Herealized neither was possible. He was now at the mercy and commandof the LTTE, having pledged his troth to the organization. And hisparents were only two of many who would doubtlessly be affected.There was no reason for the organization to do anything special forhim or his parents.

The message from Geneva had asked him to go to London assoon as possible. He went directly from Heathrow Airport to theoffices of the Sunbird Shipping Company, the front for the LTTE'soperation in London. He found Shan and Pottu Amman there. Theywere waiting for him.

"We have an assignment for you in India," said Shan.

When he heard this, Hari knew that the leader's promise wasbeing redeemed. He was being brought out of seven months of forcedinaction and given a reprieve for his perceived failure during theassassination. Hari was overjoyed. It meant that his incarcerationand isolation were over. He was now expected to deliver. This was thechance he had been waiting for. Finally, the team player would comecenter stage. He waited to hear about his assignment.

"As you know, the Indian government has decided to send therefugees back. It serves both governments to enact this charade atthe expense of our community. We cannot let this happen. We haveto stop it. We have a plan, and you have been selected by the leaderto execute it," said Pottu Amman.

"I am ready," replied Hari. There was nothing else to say.

"Fine. We are going to spend the next two days going over theplan. You are to leave on the Air India flight to Bombay the day after.You should inform the office in Limassol that you will not be back forsome time. Tell the same to anyone else who needs to know—but nottoo many details," said Pottu Amman, letting him know that theyknew he would want to tell Zina. Until then, Hari hadn't been sureif they knew of his relationship with Titziana, whom he had first metin Colombo well before the beautiful island had been devastated bythe humanitarian tragedy they were living through.

All three were virtually incommunicado for the next two days,going over the details of the plan.

Pottu Amman explained that throughout the second half of1991, the two governments were in touch to work out the details.They anticipated that the Sri Lankan government would expect theLTTE to disrupt the arrangements. An increase in LTTE attacks onsecurity forces to provoke retaliatory attacks on Tamil villages couldincrease the risk to the refugees, cause heightened insecurity, buildinternational pressure against their return from India, and set backthe Sri Lanka government's claim of control.

On the Indian side there was an equal imperative to see that theplan would not be frustrated by the LTTE and its sympathizers inIndia and abroad.

The decision to repatriate the refugees had seen an increase ofrhetoric from detractors of the idea in both countries and amongthe nongovernmental organizations in the West, including AmnestyInternational and the International Commission of Jurists. Yetthe officials responsible for working out the logistic details of themovement on both sides continued their work. The arrangements hadto be such that once begun, the movement would be uninterruptedand uninterruptible. There were an estimated two hundred thousandrefugees, most in seven camps scattered throughout Tamil Nadu andthe neighboring states of Karnataka and Orissa. Of these, the mostproblematic refugees were those in urban centers, because they couldeasily move out of the camps, and those suspected to be militants,who were lodged in special camps.

Even under normal circumstances, the movement of such a largenumber of people across the sea would pose an enormous logisticalchallenge. In the present case, it was compounded by factors no one couldcontrol,suchasmaritimeconditions,theeffectivenessofnavalescort,andthe likelihood of an attack by the LTTE's naval wing, the Sea Tigers.

There were high political stakes in the operation for all sides.Pottu Amman told Hari that the LTTE was determined to spare noeffort to see that the movement did not start.

The target date for starting the repatriation operation wasJanuary 1, 1992; by then, all the arrangements had to be in place. Ithad been agreed that a UNHCR representative would be allowedto visit intended returnees in the transit camps set up in Madras.Hari would need to find out who the officials were. He would needto lobby with them and insist on verifying that all were returning oftheir own free will. He would have to persuade them, both as theUNHCR insider that he used to be, and as a Sri Lankan Tamil whowas close to the refugees. Reports would also be inspired by LTTEsympathizers in the Indian Tamil press and in the camps suggestingthat official action was high-handed and that no choice was beinggiven to the refugees.

For the government, the problem of tracing and registering thosein the cities and not the refugee camps was more difficult. Theyincluded both the more prosperous refugees and the family membersof LTTE leadership and cadres—like Hari's parents and brother.Even LTTE supremo Prabhakaran's father resided in Madras, allthe while receiving the protection of the same state authorities thatwere offering base facilities to the Indian army. The local authoritieswere cajoled and persuaded by the LTTE to turn a blind eye to suchLTTE faithfuls.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from The Crossing by Rajendra Abhyankar. Copyright © 2013 Rajendra Abhyankar. Excerpted by permission of iUniverse LLC.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

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PBShop.store US

Wood Dale, IL, U.S.A.

Venditore con 5 stelle

Venditore AbeBooks dal 7 aprile 2005

Tariffe di spedizione nazionale per U.S.A.

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Metodi di pagamento

Descrizione dello Store

We first started out as “The Paperback Exchange,” a chain of physical bookstores where we would part exchange your beloved books for new stories to transport you to faraway places. However, as shopping started to evolve to online shops and marketplaces, we bid our stores goodbye to become “PBShop.” This transition has only allowed us to blossom as we now ship thousands of titles to book lovers across the globe. We pride ourselves in being a community of local book lovers which allows our passion and devotion to shine in everything we do. In 2020 we not only celebrated our 20th birthday but our 1st birthday as being completely employee owned after becoming an E.O.T in September 2019. We are proud to be different and embrace standing apart on a book mountain by working from a virtual inventory which allows us to provide thousands of books that may be difficult to get for your bookshelf or your studies. Working with a number of different suppliers allows us to explore other avenues such as puzzles, sheet music and even stationery so we really do have something for everyone. Life is about being versatile in all realms of existence. If this is your first visit or you are a returning customer, we would like to welcome you to the PBShop family, for there is no friend as loyal as a book. We are a company who put our customers at the centre of everything we do as we understand the importance of reading because once you learn to read, you will forever be free. There are a whole lot of things in this world of ours that we are yet to explore, which is why we will forever inspire curious minds.…

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Returns Policy
We ask all customers to contact us for authorisation should they wish to return their order. Orders returned without authorisation may not be credited.
If you wish to return, please contact us within 14 days of receiving your order to obtain authorisation.

Returns requested beyond this time will not be authorised.

Our team will provide full instructions on how to return your order and once received our returns department will process your refund.
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Informazioni sul diritto di recesso

Diritto legale di recesso

Hai il diritto di recedere dal presente contratto entro 14 giorni senza fornire alcuna motivazione.

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La fornitura di giornali, periodici o riviste ad eccezione dei contratti di abbonamento; e
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Condizioni di spedizione

Books are shipped from our US or UK warehouses. Delivery estimates allow for delivery from either location.

Privacy e sicurezza

We are committed to protecting the privacy and security of personal data. This policy tells you how we will collect and use your personal data, and what you should expect in respect of the personal information about you that we have collected.

We are PBShop.co.uk Limited (registered in England & Wales with Company No: 9366362). Our registered office is at Swatton Barn, Badbury, Swindon, SN4 0EU, United Kingdom.

The person with responsibility for our data protection compliance is the Managing Director and they can be contacted via email at help@pbshop.store.

We are the data controller of the personal data that we keep and use, and we are therefore responsible for making sure that our systems, processes and people comply with the relevant data protection laws in respect of that personal data.

We will act in respect of personal data to comply with the six principles of the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which are:

Lawfulness, fairness and transparency;
Purpose limitation;
Data minimisation;
Accuracy;
Storage limitation;
Integrity and confidentiality.
You have rights in respect of how your personal data can be processed; these include the right to request:

a copy of your personal data;
that inaccurate data is rectified; and
that your personal data is, in certain circumstances, erased or restricted.
You have the right to complain to the Information Commissioner, which you can do by contacting the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) directly. Full contact details, including a helpline number, can be found on the ICO website (www.ico.org.uk). This website also has useful information on your rights and our obligations. However, please raise any concerns or issues with us first so that we may deal with this as quickly as possible for you.

COLLECTION, USE AND DISCLOSURE OF PERSONAL DATA
We collect and process data for the following reasons:

personal data collected and created in relation to our selling books and other items; and
personal data relating to our people (which means those people working for our company, or providing services to us, or potentially working or providing services to us, including employees, consultants, temporary or casual workers and contractors).
All of our people are required to abide by our Privacy Policy when handling personal data, and are provided with appropriate data protection training. Any breach of data protection will be taken seriously, and may result in disciplinary action.

Selling books and other items
COLLECTION:
We will collect personal information which may include names, addresses and other information for our customers. This will be done for the management of the commercial relationship with our customers.

We may collect this personal data from you directly, and also from third parties, including publicly available third party sources. Additional personal data will be collected as it is created by or supplied to us in the course of anything we do for you.

USE:
We will use the personal data in the course of making sales and to comply with requirements that we are required to undertake.

We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:

in performance of a contract (the agreement to sell books and other items); and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be far less common:

where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
DISCLOSURE:
We may share personal data with third parties as is necessary in the sale of books and other items, including to third party providers who deliver services to support the operation of our company.

In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.

RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. Normally, our retention period for personal data collected for this purpose is a minimum of 6 years after the end of the period that we are selling books and other items.

Our people
COLLECTION:
We will collect names, addresses, contact details, education and employment history, identity and other background checks (which may include appropriate criminal and financial checks and confirmation of the right to work in the UK), marital status and information on next of kin and dependents, financial information (such as bank details and NI numbers), date of birth, gender, a copy of your passport and driving licence, performance information and compensation history, recruitment information (including references), salary, benefits, pension and annual leave information, disciplinary and grievance information, photographs, information about your use of our information and communications systems and CCTV footage or other information obtained through electronic means.

We may collect and use special categories of personal data as required in the carrying out of obligations and exercising specific rights of us or the data subject in the field of employment. This may include information relating to matters such as health, racial origin, religious belief and offences or alleged offences.

Personal data may be collected from you during the selection process (for example via your application form and CV) and during your employment (including holiday forms, expense claims, performance reviews, any disciplinary or grievance processes), or from third parties, including referees, health service providers, background check providers.

USE:
Personal data of our people will be used for HR administration and management, both in respect of the selection of people to work for us (including suitability, eligibility and/or fitness to work), and those who do work for us, to include learning and development, disciplinary and security (of people, offices and data) requirements, providing and liaising with benefits providers, business management and planning (including accounting and auditing), paying you and dealing with tax and NI deductions, assessing and deciding on salary reviews and compensation, conducting performance reviews and managing performance, dealing with legal disputes involving you or others, preventing fraud, monitoring your use of our information and communications systems, ensuring compliance with our policies, and equal opportunities monitoring.

We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:

In performance of a contract with you; and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be less common:

where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.

In respect of special categories of personal data, we may process this in the following circumstances:

in limited circumstances with your explicit written consent; and/or
where we need to carry out our legal obligations and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed in the public interest (such as for equal opportunities monitoring or in relation to our occupational pension scheme), and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed to assess your working capacity on health grounds, subject to appropriate confidentiality safeguards.
Less commonly, we may process this type of information where it is needed in relation to legal claims or where it is needed to protect your (or someone else’s) interests and you are not capable of giving your consent, or where you have already made the information public. We may also process such information about our people (or former people) in the course of our legitimate business activities with the appropriate safeguards.

The special categories of personal data may be used in the following ways:

in relation to leaves of absence, to comply with employment and other laws;
in relation to your physical or mental health, or disability status, to ensure your health and safety in the workplace and to assess your fitness to work, to monitor, manage and administer benefits and absences;
in relation to your race, national or ethnic origin, religious, philosophical or moral beliefs, or your sexual life or sexual orientation, to ensure meaningful equal opportunity monitoring and reporting.
DISCLOSURE:
Personal data may be transferred to service providers who support the operation of our business (such as payroll service providers), to other third parties reasonably necessary in the conduct of our business (including insurers, professional advisors, regulators). These third parties may be acting as processor, or controller of personal data in their own right.

RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. We will normally keep personal data of applicants who we do not employ for six months after we receive it.

We will keep personal data of employees throughout your employment and normally for a minimum of six years after your employment ends.

Changes to your personal data
It is very important that the personal information that we hold about you is accurate and current. Please tell us if your personal information changes during your relationship with us.

Data Security
We have put in place measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorised way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those of our people and other third parties who have a business need to know. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and where they have agreed to treat the information confidentially and to keep it secure. We have put in place procedures to deal with any suspected data security breach and will notify you and the ICO of a suspected breach where we are legally required to do so.

Where we store your personal data
We principally store data, both electronically and on file, at our office.

Personal data may be transferred outside of the EEA by processors acting on our behalf. For transfers to countries not considered adequate by the EC, we will ensure that personal data is adequately protected, as required by the GDPR. This would include by use of the Standard Contractual Clauses adopted by the EC to protect personal data.

Your rights
Under certain circumstances, you have the right by law to request:

access to your personal data. This enables you to ask to receive a copy of the personal data that we hold about you and to check that we are lawfully processing it.
correction of the personal data that we hold about you.
erasure of your personal data.
object to processing of your personal data where we are relying on our legitimate interest and there is something about your particular situation which makes you want to object to processing on this ground. You also have the right to object where we are processing your personal information for direct marketing purposes.
restriction of processing of your personal data.
transfer of your personal data to another party.
Links from our website
Our website may, from time to time, contain links to and from the websites of third parties that we permit to make such links. If you follow a link to any of these websites, please note that these websites have their own privacy policies and that we do not accept any responsibility or liability for these policies. We recommend that you check these policies before you submit any personal data to these websites.

CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY
Any changes we may make to our privacy policy in the future will be posted on our website, so please ensure that you are viewing the correct version.

Please contact us if you have any questions, comments or requests regarding this Privacy Policy.

Last amended May 2021.

The Crossing

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