Data Structures and Algorithms : An Object-Oriented Approach Using Ada 95

This textbook provides an in depth course on data structures in the context of object oriented development. Its main themes are abstraction, implementation, encapsulation, and measurement: that is, that the software process begins with abstraction of data types, which then lead to alternate representations and encapsulation, and finally to resource measurement. A clear object oriented approach, making use of Booch components, will provide readers with a useful library of data structure components and experience in software reuse. Students using this book are expected to have a reasonable understanding of the basic logical structures such as stacks and queues. Throughout, Ada 95 is used and the author takes full advantage of Ada's encapsulation features and the ability to present specifications without implementational details. Ada code is supported by two suites available over the World Wide Web.

1 Preliminaries.- 1.1 Object-Oriented Software Development.- 1.1.1 The Object-Oriented Concept.- 1.1.2 Objects and Their Attributes.- 1.1.3 Operations.- 1.2 Problem Analysis.- 1.3 Solution Design.- 1.4 Design to Implementation.- 1.5 Software Maintenance.- 1.6 Data Structures and Algorithms.- 1.7 Ada 95.- 1.8 Simple Static Types.- 1.8.1 Ordinal Objects.- 1.8.2 Access Types.- 1.8.3 Nonordinal Objects.- 1.9 Structured Data Types.- 1.9.1 Arrays.- 1.9.1.1 Constrained Arrays.- 1.9.1.2 Unconstrained (Generic) Arrays.- 1.9.2 Records.- 1.9.2.1 Simple Record Structure.- 1.9.2.2 Record Discriminants.- 1.9.2.3 Variant Records.- 1.9.2.4 Protected Types.- 1.9.3 Compound Structures.- 1.10 Explorations.- 2 Encapsulation.- 2.1 Concept.- 2.2 Packaging Fundamentals.- 2.2.1 Initialize/Finalize.- 2.2.2 Private Types and Safe Client/Package Interface.- 2.2.2.1 Private Types and Equality.- 2.2.2.2 Issues Surrounding Limited Private Types.- 2.3 Using Generic Packages.- 2.4 Object-Oriented Support.- 2.4.1 Tagged Types.- 2.4.2 Abstract Types.- 2.4.3 Abstract Subprograms.- 2.4.4 ’Class.- 2.4.5 Dynamic Dispatch.- 2.4.6 Controlled Types.- 2.5 Using Object-Oriented Packaging.- 2.5.1 Polymorphic Versus Generic Packaging.- 2.6 A Taxonomy of Client/Package Visibility.- 2.6.1 Safe Handling of User Objects.- 2.6.1.1 Private.- 2.6.1.2 Limited Private.- 2.6.1.3 Tagged.- 2.6.1.4 Controlled.- 2.6.2 Safe Encapsulation of Data Structures.- 2.6.2.1 Private.- 2.6.2.2 Limited Private.- 2.6.2.3 Controlled.- 2.6.2.4 Encapsulated.- 2.7 Composability.- 2.8 Child Units.- 2.8.1 Generic Child Units.- 2.9 Explorations.- 3 Stacks.- 3.1 Linear Structures.- 3.2 Elementary Stacks.- 3.2.1 Abstraction.- 3.2.2 Representation.- 3.2.2.1 Static.- 3.2.2.2 Dynamic.- 3.2.3 Encapsulation.- 3.2.3.1 Stack_Pt_Pt.- 3.2.3.2 Dynamic Representations.- 3.2.4 Measurement.- 3.3 Advanced Features.- 3.3.1 Abstraction.- 3.3.2 Representation.- 3.3.2.1 Static.- 3.3.2.2 Dynamic.- 3.3.3 Encapsulation.- 3.3.4 Measurement.- 3.4 Iterators.- 3.4.1 Abstraction.- 3.4.2 Representation.- 3.4.2.1 Static.- 3.4.2.2 Dynamic.- 3.4.3 Encapsulation.- 3.4.4 Measurement.- 3.5 Explorations.- 4 Queues.- 4.1 Elementary Queues.- 4.1.1 Abstraction.- 4.1.2 Representation.- 4.1.2.1 Static: First Thoughts.- 4.1.2.2 Static: Wraparound.- 4.1.2.3 Dynamic: Two-Pointer Queues.- 4.1.2.4 Dynamic: One-Pointer Queues.- 4.1.3 Encapsulation.- 4.2 Advanced Features.- 4.2.1 Abstraction.- 4.2.2 Representation.- 4.2.2.1 Static Wraparound.- 4.2.2.2 Dynamic: One-Pointer Queues.- 4.3 Iterators.- 4.3.1 Abstraction.- 4.3.2 Representation.- 4.3.2.1 Static.- 4.3.2.2 Dynamic.- 4.3.3 Measurement.- 4.4 Explorations.- 5 Lists.- 5.1 Recursive Paradigm.- 5.1.1 Abstraction.- 5.1.2 Representation.- 5.1.2.1 Static.- 5.1.2.2 Dynamic.- 5.1.3 Encapsulation.- 5.1.4 Advanced Support.- 5.1.5 Iterators.- 5.1.6 Measurement.- 5.2 Positional Paradigm.- 5.2.1 Abstraction.- 5.2.2 Representation.- 5.3 Explorations.- 6 Trees.- 6.1 Nonlinear Structures.- 6.2 Binary Trees, Positional Paradigm.- 6.2.1 Abstraction.- 6.2.2 Representation.- 6.3 Binary Trees, Recursive Paradigm.- 6.3.1 Abstraction.- 6.3.2 Representation.- 6.4 Tree Traversals.- 6.4.1 Depth-first.- 6.4.2 Breadth-first.- 6.4.3 Other Schema.- 6.5 Complete Trees.- 6.6 N-ary Trees.- 6.7 Measurement.- 6.8 Explorations.- 7 Tree Applications.- 7.1 Tree Restructuring.- 7.1.1 Binary Search Trees Revisited.- 7.1.2 AVL Trees.- 7.1.3 B-trees.- 7.2 Heaps.- 7.2.1 Heapsort.- 7.2.2 Priority Queues.- 7.2.3 Huffman Coding.- 7.3 Dictionary Trees.- 7.4 Explorations.- 8 Graphs.- 8.1 Graphs and Digraphs.- 8.2 Digraph Specifications.- 8.3 Matrix Representation.- 8.4 Table Representation.- 8.5 Dynamic Representation.- 8.6 Applications.- 8.7 Explorations.- 9 Sets.- 9.1 Specifications.- 9.2 Static Representation.- 9.3 Dynamic Representation.- 9.4 Hashing Representation.- 9.5 Hamming Codes.- 9.6 Bags.- 9.7 Explorations.- 10 Strings.- 10.1 Specifications.- 10.1.1 String Constructors.- 10.1.2 String Observers.- 10.1.3 String Exceptions.- 10.2 Static Representations.- 10.2.1 Ada Strings.- 10.2.2 TurboPascal-like Strings.- 10.2.3 The Sentinel Method.- 10.3 Dynamic Representations.- 10.3.1 Strings as Lists.- 10.3.2 Strings as Piecewise Lists.- 10.3.3 Tradeoffs.- 10.4 String Search Algorithms.- 10.4.1 The Obvious Algorithm.- 10.4.2 A Human Variation.- 10.4.3 Knuth-Morris-Pratt Algorithm.- 10.4.4 Boyer-Moore Algorithm.- 10.4.5 Comparisons.- 10.5 Tradeoffs.- 10.6 Explorations.- 11 Sorting.- 11.1O(n2)Sorts.- 11.1.1 Selection Sort.- 11.1.2 Insertion (Bubble) Sort.- 11.1.3 Timing Characteristics.- 11.2 Better Sorts.- 11.2.1 Shell Sort.- 11.2.2 Quicksort.- 11.2.3 Timing Characteristics.- 11.3O(nlogn)Sorts.- 11.3.1 Heapsort.- 11.3.2 Mergesort.- 11.3.3 Polyphase Merge.- 11.4 Explorations.- 12 Search/Update.- 12.1 Sequential Search.- 12.2 Bisection Method Search.- 12.3 Block Sequential Search/Update.- 12.4 Address Calculation Search/Update.- 12.5 Hashing.- 12.6 Evaluation.- 12.7 Explorations.- References.