Design Science

It is the aim of this study to present a framework for the design of technical systems. This can be achieved through a general Design Science, a knowledge system in which products are seen as objects to be developed within engineering design processes. The authors have developed this design science from a division of the knowledge system along two axes. One deals with knowledge about technical systems and design processes while the other presents descriptive statements. Relationships among the various sections of the knowledge system are made clear. Well-known insights into engineering design, the process, its management and its products are placed into new contexts. Particular attention is given to various areas of applicability. Widespread use throughout is made of easily assimilated diagrams and models.

I. General Survey.- 1 Introduction - Designing.- 1.1 What Do We Understand by Designing?.- 1.2 To the Term “Designing”.- 1.2.1 Terminus Technicus “Designing”.- 1.2.2 Designing in the Statements of Other Authors.- 1.2.3 The “Breadth” of Designing.- 1.2.4 Needs for Design and Designed Products.- 1.2.5 Characterizing Designing.- 1.2.6 Roles for Failure and Development.- 1.2.7 Societal Conditions.- 1.3 Technical Knowledge about Designing: Current Situation.- 1.4 Relationships Between Designing and some Other Terms.- 1.4.1 Designing and Intuition (Inspiration).- 1.4.2 Designing and “Feel for Design”.- 1.4.3 Designing and Creativity.- 1.4.4 Designing and Innovation.- 1.4.5 Designing and Inventing.- 1.4.6 Designing and Heuristics.- 1.4.7 Closing Remarks.- 1.5 Is Designing Teachable/Learnable?.- 1.6 Summary and Outlook.- 2 Knowledge Systems (Science) and Designing.- 2.1 Knowledge and Science ? General Considerations.- 2.1.1 Science and Designing.- 2.2 Technical (Branch, Domain) Knowledge.- 2.3 Objects Hierarchy in Technological (Engineering) Science.- 2.4 Technological (Engineering) Sciences.- 2.4.1 Task and Object.- 2.4.2 Importance and Position.- 2.4.3 The Problem Treated by Engineering Sciences.- 2.4.4 Types of Engineering Sciences.- 3 Historic Development of Knowledge to Design Science.- 3.1 Sketch of the Development of Ideas about Rationalizing of the Area of Designing.- 3.1.1 Requirements for Efforts Towards Rationalizing.- 3.1.2 Development in the German-Language Area.- 3.1.3 Great Britain.- 3.1.4 France.- 3.1.5 Italy.- 3.1.6 Scandinavia.- 3.1.7 USA and Canada.- 3.1.8 Russia ? Previous USSR.- 3.1.9 Previous Czechoslovakia.- 3.1.10 Poland.- 3.1.11 Japan.- 3.1.12 Other International Developments.- 3.1.13 Summary.- 3.2 Description of the Development of Design Knowledge.- 3.2.1 Elements of the Development.- 3.2.2 Development on Individual Planes.- 3.2.3 Progress.- 3.3 The Present State of Design Knowledge.- II. Model of Design Science.- 4 Design Science and its Goals.- 4.1 What is Design Science?.- 4.2 Is Design Science Necessary Today?.- 4.3 To the Term Design Science.- 4.4 Goals of Design Science.- 4.5 Acceptance of Design Science.- 5 Conception of Design Science and its Methods.- 5.1 To the Conception of Design Science Regarding Contents.- 5.2 To Content and Structure of Design Science.- 5.3 Kinds of Design Science.- 5.4 Principles for the Construction of Design Science.- 5.5 Methods of Design Science for Obtaining New Knowledge.- 5.6 Relationship Between Method, Object and Theory.- 6 Sources of the Knowledge and Impulses for Design Science.- 6.1 Philosophy.- 6.2 Psychology, Sociology.- 6.3 Work Science.- 6.4 Mathematics.- 6.5 Cybernetics.- 6.6 Information Science.- 6.7 Management.- 6.8 Invention Theory.- 6.9 Other Design Fields.- 6.10 Summary.- 7 Constituent Areas of Design Science.- 7.1 Theory of Technical Systems (TTS).- 7.1.1 Earlier Forms of Knowledge Systems about Objects of Designing.- 7.1.2 Earlier Attempts to Build more Abstract Knowledge Systems in the Area of Technical Systems.- 7.1.3 Contents of the Partial Area Theory of Technical Systems.- 7.1.4 Summary.- 7.2 Theory of Design Processes (TDesP).- 7.2.1 Earlier Views and Forms of the Knowledge System “Design Process”.- 7.2.2 Contents of the Partial Area Design Processes.- 7.3 Branch Knowledge.- 7.3.1 The Development of Forms of Branch Knowledge and its Sources.- 7.3.2 The Structure of Branch Knowledge.- 7.3.3 The Form of Branch Knowledge.- 7.3.4 The Generation of Branch Knowledge.- 7.3.5 Branch Knowledge ? Areas of Validity.- 7.3.6 State and Prospects for Development of Branch Knowledge.- 7.4 Knowledge about Design Processes.- 7.4.1 The Structure of Knowledge about Design Processes.- 7.4.2 The Form of Knowledge about Design Processes.- 7.5 Quasi Main Areas.- 7.5.1 Knowledge about Computer-supported Designing ? CAD-knowledge.- 7.5.2 Acquisition of Knowledge for Programs.- 7.5.3 Summary.- III. Derivations from Design Science in Other Disciplines ? Specialized Design Science (Preamble).- 8 Design Science for the TS-Types.- 8.1 Design Science for Individual Levels of Complexity of Technical Systems.- 8.1.1 Design Science for Plant.- 8.1.2 Design Science for Instruments, Machines, Apparatus.- 8.1.3 Design Science for Assembly Groups and Elements.- 8.2 Design Science for Individual Branches ? TS Families.- 8.3 Design Science for Other TS-types.- 8.4 Design Sciences in Comparison.- 9 Specialized Design Science for Individual Classes of Recipients.- 9.1 Design Science for Design Researchers.- 9.2 Design Science for Design Practitioners.- 9.3 Design Science for Inexperienced People, Students, Novices.- 9.3.1 Requirements for a Textbook for Design Education.- 9.3.2 Knowledge System for Design Education.- 9.4 Design Science for Lay Persons.- 10 Quality of Design Science.- 10.1 The Quality of the Current Knowledge System of Design Science.- 11 Future Tasks in Design Science.- Names Index.