Drying '85

It is a pleasure to present this volume consisting of a selection of papers presented at the 4th International Drying Symposium (IDS) held in Kyoto, July 9-12, 1984, under the sponsorship of the Society of Chemi­ cal Engineers, Japan. This book includes full texts of the ten keynote lectures and several papers which were presented in the technical sessions in the 4th IDS. As editors we had the arduous and unpleasant task of selecting papers for this volume. We were delighted with the high quality manuscripts sub­ mitted. We are grateful to the authors for their efforts in meeting the manuscript guidelines and also the deadlines. Aside from quality, we have attempted to maintain in this volume a balance of coverage in terms of topics as well as geography. Space restrictions prevented us from presenting all the high quality papers for publication in DRYING 85. Numerous papers of archival interest have been released for general publication in international journals. Several will no doubt appear in Drying Technology - An International Journal. Many others will find their way into other standard engineering journals as well. Over 120 papers from 30 countries were included in the Proceedings volumes distributed to all registrants in Kyoto. Numerous individuals, professional societies and organizations have contributed, directly or indirectly, to the success of the 4th IDS and hence to DRYING 85 as well. We wish to acknowledge in particular the monumental efforts of the Secretary of the 4th IDS, Professor M. Okazaki.

Section I Texts of Keynote Lectures at IDS’86, Kyoto, Japan.- Opportunities for Fundamental Research in Drying.- Short-cut Calculation for Non-isothermal Drying of Shrinking and Non-shrinking Particles and of Hollow Spheres Containing an Expanding Central Gas Core.- Moisture Transport Mechanisms During the Drying of Granular Porous Media.- Aspects of Solar Drying.- Steam Drying.- Control of Food-Quality Factors in Spray Drying.- Modelling Continuous Convection Dryers for Particulate Solids — Progress and Problems.- Vacuum Contact Drying of Free Flowing Mechanically Agitated Particulate Material.- Heat and Mass Transport Properties of Heterogeneous Materials.- Section II Drying Theory and Modelling.- Influence of Surface Active Agents on the Drying Rate of Solids.- Theory of Constant-Rate Expression and Subsequent Relaxation.- Importance of Gas Phase Momentum Equation in Drying Above the Boiling Point of Water.- Convective Drying of Porous Materials Containing Binary Mixtures.- The Mathematical Modelling of Drying Process Based on Moisture Transfer Mechanism.- Numerical Modeling of the Drying of Porous Materials.- Theoretical Prediction of Moisture Transfer by Convective Drying for a Flat Plate.- An Analysis of Drying Rate Mechanism in Complex Solids.- Section III Drying of Granular Solids.- Particle Velocities in Pneumatic Conveying Dryers.- Drying of Granular Particles in a Multistage Inclined Fluidized Bed with Mechanical Vibration.- Combined Heat and Mass Transfer During Drying of Molecular Sieve Pellets.- Air Drying Kinetics of Biological Particles.- Single Tube Heat Transfer in Aerated Vibrated Beds.- Indirect Heating of Solid Particles.- Heat Transfer Coefficient Between Heating Wall and Agitated Granular Bed.- Heat Transfer from Submerged Body Moving in Granular Bed.- Section IV Spray Drying.- Effect of Droplet Size on the Properties of Spray-Dried Whole Milk.- An Assessment of Steam Operated Spray Dryers.- Volatile Loss in Spray Drying.- The Mathematical Modelling of Cocurrent Spray Drying.- Control and Energy Aspects of Milk Powder Spray-Drying in Relation to Product Quality.- Section V Vacuum and Freeze Drying.- Application of Optimal Control Strategy to Hybrid Mivrowave and Radiant Heat Freeze Drying System.- Characteristics of Vibro-Fluidized Bed Freeze Drying.- Freeze Drying Characteristics and Transport Properties in Concentrated Coffee Solution System.- Freeze-Drying Mechanisms and Drying Rates Under Various Drying Conditions.- Freeze-Drying of Concentrated Liquid Foods by Back-Face Heating.- Development of New Refrigeration System and Optimum Geometry of the Vapor Condenser for Pharmaceutical Freeze Dryers.- Defrosting of Internal Vapor Condenser During Final Drying and its Application to Food Production Freeze Dryers.- Section VI Drying of Foodstuffs.- Fundamentals of Drying of Foodstuffs.- Advances in Optimization of Food Dehydration With Respect to Quality Retention.- Drying of Foods With Flue Gas From Natural Gas Risk/Benefit.- Acoustic Dewatering and Drying: State of the Art Review.- Over-All Drying-Rate Equations of Foodstuffs.- Enzyme Inactivation During Drying of a Single Droplet.- Flavour Retention on Drying of a Single Droplet Under Various Drying Conditions.- Belt Type From Mat Dryers.- Section VII Drying in Forest Product Industries.- Computer Simulation of a Minton Dryer.- Convective Heat Transfer Under Turbulent Impinging Slot Jet at Large Temperature Differences.- Mathematical Modeling of Wood Drying From Heat and Mass Transfer Fundamentals.- Stochastic Modeling of Lumber Drying in Batch Kilns.- High Temperature Convective Drying of Softwood and Hardwood: Drying Kinetics and Product Quality Interactions.- Section VIII Drying of Coal.- Coupled Drying and Devolatilization of Low Rank Coals in Fluidized Beds: An Experimental and Theoretical Study.- A New Fluidized Bed Dryer For Amorphous Slag.- Upgrading of Low-Grade Coals by Heat Treatment.- Dewatering and Utilization of High Moisture Brown Coal.- Section IX Drying of Agricultural Materials.- Drying of Crop Products With A Shell: Experimental Approach and Modelling. Its Application to Hazelnuts.- Industrial Applications For New Steam Drying Process In Forest And Agricultural Industry.- Energy Evaluation in Grain Drying.- Optimal Drying Conditions of Grains.- Thin-Layer Drying and Rewetting Models to Predict Moisttre Diffusion in Spherical Agricultural Products.- Properties of Brown Rice Kernel for Calculation of Drying Stresses.- Change of Cracked Rice Percentage and Internal Stress of Brown Rice Kernels During Drying Operation.- Section X Industrial Drying Systems.- Drying of Slurry in Bed of Particles Fluidized by Pure Water Vapor.- Dimensioning Heat Pump Driers For Fish Products.- The Application of Microprocessor Technology to Automatic Control of Textile Drying Processes.- Feasibility Study on Dehumidification of Air by Thin Porous Alumina Gel Membrane.- Experimental Study on Application of Paddle Dryers For Sludge Cake Drying.- Section XI Physical Properties Related to Drying.- A New Measurement Method of Liquid Transport Properties.- Determination of Concentration Dependent Diffusion Coefficient From Drying Rates.- Effect of Drying Condition on Structure of Dried Product.- Bulk Thermal Diffusivity Measurement of Grain Rice By New Fast Method.- On the Vapour Transfer Rate in Porous Media Under a Temperature Gradient.- Behavior of Inversion Point Temperature and New Applications of Superheated Vapor Drying.- Section XII Miscellaneous Topics.- Optimization of Heat Pump Dehumidifier.- Limits to the Rate of Drying of Materials.- Author Index.