Early Papers on Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals

In the Preface to Early Papers on Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals Volume I (containing Chapters I-V and published in 1969), the history and planning of the complete book were outlined. The publication in two separate and consecutive volumes was merely a matter of management; the compilation of both volumes was done at the same time. There is a distinct difference in subject-matter between both volumes: Volume I contains the fundamentals of the theory, while Volume II treats the practical development of the 'trial' -method and the genesis and first applications of the Fourier method. In the period covered by Early Papers (1912-1935), the trial method leads to the successful conquest of structures with up to a hundred parameters. We conclude the book with Patterson's discovery (1934) of the p2-series as described in his second, more detailed and extended paper of 1935. With this method the apparatus was completed which led to the present undreamt-of successes of the Fourier method in the field of organic chemistry. We have considered the inclusion of Robertson's famous synthesis of the structure of phtalocyanine (1936). However, we decided that its proper place would be at the beginning of a book which, no doubt, will appear one day, describing this later period. Considerations of space caused us to give up the chapter on Texture planned at first.

VI Symmetry.- A. The Theory of Space Groups.- 101R. W. G. Wyckoff The Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1922): Introduction..- 102P. Niggli Die Bestimmung der Kristallstruktur komplizierter Verbindungen Physikalische Zeitschrift19 (1918) 225–234.- 103P. Niggli Geometrische Kristallographie des Diskontinuums (Verlag Bornträger, 1919): Space Group V26h.- 104R. W. G. Wyckoffl.c. paper 101: Space Group V26h.- 105W. T. Astbury and Kathleen Yardley Tabulated Data for the Examination of the 230 Space Groups by Homogeneous X-rays Transactions of the Royal Society A 224 (1924) 221: General Introduction; Space Groups V25h-V28h..- 106C. Hermann XVI Zur systematischen Strukturtheorie: I Eine neue Raumgruppensymbolik Zeitschrift für Kristallographie68 (1928) 257–298.- 107P. P. Ewald Tagung des erweiterten Tabellenkomitees in Zürich, 28–31 Juli 1930 Zeitschrift für Kristallografie75 (1930) 159–160.- 108Ch. Mauguin Sur le symbolisme des groupes de répétition ou de Symmetrie des assemblages cristallins Zeitschrift für Kris-tallographie76 (1931) 542–558.- 109K. Weissenberg Kristallbau und Chemische Konstitution Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie31 (1925) 530–534.- B. Relation Between Molecular and Crystal Symmetry.- 110G. Shearer The Relation between Molecular and Crystal Symmetry as shown by X-ray Crystal Analysis Proceedingsof the Physical Society (London)35 (1923) 81–100.- 111W. G. Burgers An X-ray Examination of i-Erythritol Philosophical Magazine1 (1926) 289–303.- 112E. G. Cox Crystalline Structure of Hexuronic Acid Nature (London)130 (1932) 205–206.- 113aW. T. Astbury and W. H. BraggAnnual Reports on theProgress of Chemistry (London)20 (1925) p. 233.- 113bJ. D. Bernal and D. M. Crowfoot Crystalline Structure of Hexuronic Acid Nature (London)30 (1933) p. 412.- VII Atomic (Ionic) Radii and Building Principles.- A1. Ionic Radii.- 114A. Landé Über die Größe der Atome Zeitschrift für Physik1 (1920) 191–197.- 115W. L. Bragg The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystals Philosophical Magazine40 (1920) 169–189.- 116J. A. Wasastjerna On the Radii of Ions Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae Comm. Phys. Math.38 (1923) 1–25.- 117W. L. Bragg Interatomic Distances in Crystals Philosophical Magazine VII 2 (1926) 258–266.- 118L. Pauling The Sizes of Ions and the Structure of Ionic Crystals Journal of the American Chemical Society49 (1927) 765–790.- 119W. H. Zachariasen A Set of Empirical Crystal Radii for Ions with Inert Gas Configuration Zeitschrift für Kristallographie80 (1931) 137–153.- 120F. Machatschki Zur Spinellstruktur Zeitschrift für Kristallographie80 (1931) 416–427.- A2. Atomic Radii.- 121L. Pauling and M. L. Huggins Covalent Radii of Atoms and Interatomic Distances in Crystals containing Electron Pair Bonds Zeitschrift für Kristallographie87 (1934) 205–238.- 122V. M. Goldschmidt Crystal Structure and Chemical Constitution, A Lecture delivered before the Faraday Society Trans-actions of the Faraday Society25 (1929) 253–283.- 123L. Pauling The Coordination Theory of the Structure of Ionic Crystals Probleme der Modernen Physik, Arnold Sommerfeld Festschrift (Verlag Hirzel, Leipzig 1928) 11–17.- 124J. D. Bernal and Helen D. Megaw The Function of Hydrogen in Intermolecular Forces Proceedings of the Royal Society (London)151 (1935) 384–420 with an insertion from.- 124aJ. D. Bernal and R. H. Fowler A Theory of Water and Ionic Solution, with Particular Reference to Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ions The Journal of Chemical Physics1 (1933) 515–548.- VIII Laue — Powder — Rotation — Weissenberg Methods. Long Chain and Fibre Structures.- A1. Laue Diagram.- see Vol I Chapter I.- 125R. W. G. Wyckoff From: The Crystal Structure of some Carbonates of the Calcite Group American Journal of Science50(1920)317–360: The Method of Projection.- The Effect of Voltage applied to the Tube upon the Resulting Photographs.- A2. Powder Diagram.- 126W. Friedrich Eine neue Interferenzerscheinung bei Röntgenstrahlen Physikalische Zeitschrift14 (1913) 317–319.- 127P. Debije und P. Scherrer Interferenz an regellos orientierten Teilchen im Röntgenlicht I Physikalische Zeitschrift17 (1916) 277–283.- 128A. W. Hull The Crystal Structure of Iron Physical Review9 (1917) 84–87.- 129A. E. van Arkel Eine einfache Methode zur Erhöhung der Genauigkeit bei Debije-Scherrer Aufnahmen Zeitschrift für Kristallographie67 (1928) 235–238.- A3. Rotation Diagram.- 130M. de Broglie Enregistrement photographique continu des spectres des rayons de Röntgen Comptes rendus157 (1913) 1413–1416.- 131M. Polanyi Faserstruktur im Röntgenlichte Die Naturwissenschaften9 (1921) 337–340.- 132E. Schiebold Bemerkung zur Arbeit: Das Röntgenfaserdia-gramm, von M. Polanyi Zeitschrift für Physik9 (1922) 180–183.- 133M. Polanyi, E. Schiebold und K. Weissenberg Über die Entwicklung des Drehkristallverfahrens Zeitschrift für Physik23 (1924) 337–340.- 134J. D. Bernal A Universal X-ray Photogoniometer combining: Apparatus for single Rotation Photographs — Laue Photographs—X-ray Spectrometry—Powder Photographs—Photographs of Crystal Aggregates, Metals, Materials, Etc. Journal of Scientific Instruments4 (1927) 273–284.- A4. Weissenberg Diagram.- 135K. Weissenberg Ein neues Röntgengoniometer Zeitschrift für Physik23 (1924) 229–238.- 136J. Böhm Das Weissenbergsche Röntgengoniometer Zeitschrift für Physik39 (1926) 557–561.- 137W. Schneider Über die graphische Auswertung von Aufnahmen mit dem Weissenbergschen Röntgengoniometer Zeitschrift für Kristallographie69 (1929) 41–48.- B. Long Chain Compounds.- 138A. Müller The X-ray Investigation of Fatty Acids Journal of the Chemical Society (London)123 (1923) 2043–2047.- 139W. B. Saville and G. Shearer An X-ray Investigation of Saturated Aliphatic Ketones Journal of the Chemical Society (London)127 (1925) 591–598.- 140aW. H. Bragg The Investigation of the Properties of thin Films by Means of X-rays Nature (London)115 (1925) 266–269.- 140bM. de Broglie et J. J. Trillat Sur l’interprétation des spectres X d’acides gras Comptes rendus180 (1925) 1485–1487.- 141J. J. Trillat Rayons X et Composeés organiques à longe chaine. Recherches spectrographiques sur leurs structures et leurs orientations Annales de physique [10] 6 (1926) 5–101.- 142W. A. Caspari Crystallography of the Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids Journal of the Chemical Society (London) (1928) 3235–3241 187,189 with an insertion from 142a A. Müller X-ray Investigation of Long Chain Compounds (n. Hydrocarbons) Proceedings of the Royal Society (London)120 (1928) 437–459.- 143S. H. Piper Some Examples of Information obtainable from the long Spacings of Fatty Acids Transactions of the Faraday Society25 (1929) 348–351.- 144A. Müller The Connection between the Zig-Zag Structure of the Hydrocarbon Chain and the Alternation in the Properties of Odd and Even Numbered Chain Compounds Proceedings of the Royal Society (London)124 (1929) 317–321.- C. fibre structures.- 145J. R. Katz Was sind die Ursachen der eigentlichen Dehnbarkeit des Kautschuks? I: Über die Änderung des Röntgenspektrums des Kautchuks bei der Dehnung Kolloid Zeitschrift36 (1925) 300–307.- 146aW. T. Astbury and A. Street X-ray Studies of the Structure of Hair, Wool and Related Fibres. I: General Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London) A 230 (1932) 75–101.- 146bW. T. Astbury and H. J. Woods The Molecular Structure and Elastic Properties of Hair Keratin Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London) A 232 (1934) 333–394.- IX Mixed Crystals, Random Structures, Rotating Groups, Alloys.- A. Mixed Crystals.- 147aL. Vegard und H. Shelderup Die Konstitution der Mischkristalle Physikalische Zeitschrift18 (1917) 93–96.- 147bL. Vegard Die Konstitution der Mischkristalle und die Raumfüllung der Atome Zeitschrift für Physik5 (1921) 17–26.- 148N. Alsén Röntgenographische Untersuchung der Kristallstrukturen von Magnetkies und verwandten Verbindungen Geologiska Föreningens Förhandlungar47 (1925) 19–72.- 149F. Laves Die Bau-Zusammenhänge innerhalb der Kristallstrukturen II Zeitschrift für Kristallographie73 (1930) 275–324.- 150G. Hägg Vacant Positions in the Iron Lattice of Pyrrhotite Nature (London)131 (1933) 167–168.- 151T. F. W. Barth and E. Posnjak Spinel Structures: with and without variate atom equipoints Zeitschrift für Kristallographie82 (1932) 325–341.- 152E. J. Verwey The Crystal Structure of ?-Fe2O3 and y-Al2O3Zeitschrift für Kristallographie91 (1935) 65–69.- 153L. W. Strock Die Kristallstruktur des Hochtemperatur Jodsilbers a-AgJ Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie25 (1934) 441–459; idem Ergänzung und Berichtigung ibid31 (1936) 132–136.- 154G. Hägg Solid Solutions with a Varying Number of Atoms in the Unit Cell Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 91 (1935) 114–122.- B. Layer Structures with Random Stacking.- 155Ch. Mauguin Les rayons X ne donnent pas toujours la véritable maille des cristaux Comptes rendus187 (1928) 303–304.- 156J. M. Bijvoet und W. Nieuwenkamp Die ‘Wechselstruktur’ von CdBr2Zeitschrift für Kristallographie86 (1933) 466–470 235 157a F. Laves und W. Nieuwenkamp Interferenzerscheinungen an zwei-dimensionalen Kristallen Zeitschrift für Kristallographie90 (1935) 273–278.- 157bW. Nieuwenkamp Zweidimensionale Cristobalitkristallen Zeitschrift für Kristallographie90 (1935) 377–380.- C. Rotating Groups.- 158S. B. Hendricks Molecular Rotation in the Solid State Nature (London)126 (1930) 167–168.- 159A. Müller An X-ray Investigation of Normal Paraffins near their Melting Points Proceedings of the Royal Society (London)138 (1932) 514–530.- 160 F. C. Kracek, E. Posnjak and S. B. Hendricks Gradual Transition in Sodium Nitrate. II: The Structure at Various Temperatures and its Bearing on Molecular Rotation Journal of the American Chemical Society53 (1931) 3339–3348.- 161J. M. Bijvoet and J. A. A. Ketelaar Molecular Rotation in Solid Sodium Nitrate Journal of the American Chemical Society54 (1932) 625–628.- D. Alloys.- 162A. Westgren and G. Phragmén X-ray Analysis of the Cu-Zn, Ag-Zn and Au-Zn Alloys Philosophical Magazine50 (1925) 311–341.- 163A. J. Bradley and J. Thewlis The Structure of ?-Brass Proceedings of the Royal Society (London)112 (1926) 678–692.- 164W. Hume-Rothery Researches on the Nature, Properties and Conditions of Formation of Intermetallic Compounds (with special Reference to certain Compounds of Tin) Journal of the Institute of Metals35 (1926) 295–361.- 165A. J. Bradley and C. H. Gregory The Structure of certain Ternary Alloys Nature (London)120 (1927) 678.- 166A. Westgren Zur Chemie der Legierungen Angewandte Chemie45 (1932) 33–40.- 167J. D. Bernal The Electron Theory of Metals Annual Reportson the Progress of Chemistry (London)32 (1935) 181–184.- X Structure Determinations of Increasing Complexity.- A. Conclusions from Symmetry Only.- W. G. Burgers An X-ray Examination of i-Erythritol see Chapter VI paper 111.- Conclusions from Cell-Dimensions Only.- 168J. D. Bernal Crystal Structures of Vitamin D and Related Compounds Nature (London)129 (1932) 277–278.- B. The first Complete Structure Determination of an Aromatic Compound.- 169Kathleen Lonsdale X-ray Evidence on the Structure of the Benzene Nucleus Transactions of the Faraday Society25 (1929) 352–366.- C. Successive Determinations of the Naphthalene and Anthracene Structures.- 170W. H. Bragg The Structure of Organic Crystals. Presidential Address Proceedings of the Royal Society (London)34 (1921) 33–50.- 171K. Banerjee Structure of Naphthalene and Anthracene Nature (London)125 (1930) 456.- 172 J.M.Robertson Structure of Naphthalene and Anthracene Nature (London)125 (1930) 456–457 310 J. M. Robertson The Crystalline Structure of Anthracene. A Quantitative X-ray Investigation, see Chapter XI paper 191.- D. Silicates.- 173W. L. Bragg The Structure of Silicates Nature (London)120 (1927) 410–414.- 174B. Warren and W. L. Bragg The Structure of Diopside Zeitschrift für Kristallographie69 (1928) 168–193.- 175W. L. Bragg and J. WestZeitschrift für Kristallographie69 (1928) p. 140.- 176F. Machatschki Zur Frage der Struktur und Konstitution der Feldspate Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie A3 (1928) 97–104.- 177L. Pauling The Structure of the Micas and Related Minerals Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences16 (1930) 123–129.- 178W. H. Taylor The Structure of Sanidin and other Felspars Zeitschrift für Kristallographie85 (1933) 425–442.- E. A Peculiar Case: Two Different Structures — No Optical Isomers — Giving the Same Diffraction Pattern.- 179L. Pauling and M. D. Shappell The Crystal Structure of Bixbyite Zeitschrift für Kristallographie75 (1930) 128–142.- F. An Application of Isomorphous Substitution in the Trial Method.- 180W. Hofmann Die Struktur der Tuttonschen Salze Zeitschrift für Kristallographie78 (1931) 279–333.- G. The First Investigation of a Globular Protein.- 181aJ. D. Bernal and Dorothy Crowfoot X-ray Photographs of Crystalline Pepsin Nature (London)133 (1934) 794–795.- 181bDorothy Crowfoot X-ray Single Crystal Photographs of Insulin Nature (London)135 (1935) 591–592.- XI The Fourier Method.- A. Theoretical and Application to Rocksalt.- 182W. Duane The Transfer in Quanta of Radiation Momentum to Matter Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences9 (1923) 158–164.- 183A. H. Compton The Quantum Integral and Diffraction by a Crystal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences9 (1923) 359–362.- 184P. S. Epstein and P. Ehrenfest The Quantum Theory of the Fraunhofer Diffraction Proceedings of the National Academyof Sciences10 (1924) 133–139.- 185W. Duane The Calculation of the X-ray Diffracting Power at Points in a Crystal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences11 (1925) 489–493.- 186R. J. Havighurst The Distribution of Diffracting Power in Sodium Chloride Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences11 (1925) 502–507.- 187W. L. Bragg and J. West A Technique for the X-ray Examination of Crystal Structures with many Parameters: § 9 Is a Direct Method of Analysis possible? Zeitschrift für Kristallographie69 (1928) 118–148.- 188W. L. Bragg An Optical Method of Representing the Results of X-ray Analysis Zeitschrift für Kristallographie70 (1929) 475–492.- 189W. L. Bragg and J. West A Note on the Representation of Crystal Structure by Fourier Series Philosophical Magazine10 (1930) 823–841.- B. Fourier Syntheses.- B1. Signs from Previous Trial Structure.- 190W. L. Bragg The Determination of Parameters in Crystal Structures by Means of Fourier Series Proceedings of the Royal Society (London)123 (1929) 537–559.- 191J. M. Robertson The Crystalline Structure of Anthracene. A Quantitative X-ray Investigation Proceedings of the Royal Society (London)140 (1933) 79–98.- B2. Signs From Heavy Atoms (And, Occasionally, Their Iso-Morphous Substitution).- Heavy Atoms Parameter Free.- 192J. M. Cork The Crystal Structure of the Alums Philosophical Magazine4 (1927) 688–698 with an insertion from.- 192aR. W. G. Wyckoff Die Kristallstruktur der Alaune Zeitschrift für Kristallographie57 (1923) 595–609.- 193H. Lipson and C. A. Beevers The Crystal Structure of the Alums Proceedings of the Royal Society (London)148 (1935) 664–680.- Heavy Atom Configuration Determined by Trial and Error.- 194W. H. Zachariasen The Crystal Structure of Sodium Chlorate Zeitschrift für Kristallographie71 (1929) 517–529.- Heavy atom Configuration Determined by Patterson Synthesis.- 195C. A. Beevers and C. M. Schwartz The Crystal Structure of Nickelsulphate Heptahydrate NiSO4.7H2O Zeitschrift für Kristallographie91 (1935) 157–169.- XII The Patterson Synthesis.- 196A. L. Patterson A Direct Method for the Determin...