In the last few years, the public enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 EC has been thoroughly transformed. The competition authorities of the EU Member States have become active enforcers within the European Competition Network. The European Commission has imposed more and higher fines than ever before. Leniency has become a major instrument of cartel detection. Some Member States have introduced criminal penalties. The overall trend towards more and stronger enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 EC has also rekindled discussion on the old question of how to strike the right balance between efficient enforcement and adequate protection of the rights of the defense. This book analyzes, from both a legal and an economic perspective, the powers of investigation of the European Commission and the competition authorities of the Member States, the corresponding procedural rights and guarantees, the use of settlements, the theory and practice of fines and of leniency, and the criminalization of European antitrust enforcement.

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Prof. Dr. Wouter P.J. Wils is a Member of the Legal Service of the European Commission and a Visiting Professor at King's College London. He is widely regarded as a leading authority on the law and economics of antitrust enforcement. His previous collection of essays Principles of European Antitrust Enforcement was published by Hart in 2005.

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