Electrical Processes in Atmospheres

These Proceedings are published to give a full account of the Fifth International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity held in September 1974 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in the Bavarian Alps in Germany. Traditionally, the Proceedings of these Conferences have served as reference books updating the textbooks and monographs on Atmospheric Electricity. As treated by these Conferences, Atmos­ pheric Electricity covers all aspects of this science, including the processes and problems which reach out into the Earth's environment as well as analogous processes on other planets and on the Moon. A history of these Conferences, an account of their purpose, and an outline of the scope and the preparation is to be found at the end of these Proceedings. There, also the Business Meetings of the involved organizations are mentioned. The Proceedings closely follow the original program and are accordingly organized into "Sessions". The papers printed in each "Session" in this book are the ones which were accepted for the sessions of the Conference with the same numbers and titles. Only the two "Special Sessions" have been given different numbers in the Proceedings, i.e. 2a and 10. In principle, all papers which were accepted by the Executive Panel either for full oral presentation or for printing in the Proceedings only, have in fact been included in these Proceedings, whether they were presented or not. In the latter case, a special note is made to explain the absence of a discussion.

Session 1 Ions, Basic Research.- Formation, Nature, and Mobility of Ions of Atmospheric Importance.- Positive and Negative Ion Mobility Spectra of Spray-Produced Ions.- On the Molecular Properties of Atmospheric Ion Clusters and Their Relationship to Nucleation.- Mobility Spectra of Ions Created in Gases Under Atmospheric Pressure.- An Experimental Method for Determining the Charged Fraction in Aerosols.- Evolution of Tropospheric Ions.- Intensity and Interactions of Atmospheric Ions with Organic Contaminants.- Influence of the Electric Fields of Thunderstorms on Radon-222 Daughter Ion Concentrations.- Ion-Aerosol Attachment Coefficients and the Diffusional Charging of Aerosols.- Coagulation Growth Rate of Charged Cloud Particles.- Structure of Liquid H2SO4 — H2O Clusters Around Ions: Thermodynamic Theory.- General Discussion.- Session 2 Ions, Applied Research: Atmospheric Electricity and Meteorology.- Atmospheric Electricity in the Real World.- Relationship of the Ohm’s Law Electrical Parameters with Meteorological Elements.- Particulate Air Pollution Trends Deduced from Atmospheric Electrical Conductivity Measurements at Bet-Dagan (Israel).- Deformation of the Size Distribution of Aerosol Particles Dispersing from Land to Ocean.- On Recent Measurements of Electric Parameters and Aerosols in the Oceanic Atmosphere.- Space Charge Distribution Near an Alpha-Particle Beam.- Observation of Atmospheric Ions and Atmospheric Phenomena in the Area of Kobe, Japan.- Atmospheric Electric Measurements during the 1972 Eclipse over Nova Scotia.- Unusual Conditions of Charging of Aerosol Particles of Industrial Origin.- Electric Characteristics of the Atmosphere over the Arctic.- Atmospheric Electric Measurements at the South Pole.- Effect of Dust-Raising Winds on the Atmospheric Electric Field.- General Discussion.- Session 2a Application of Atmospheric Electricity Concepts and Methods to Other Parts of Meteorology/Film on Electric Fields at the Ground Under a Thunderstorm.- Considerations on Practical Application of Atmospheric Electricity Concepts and Methods.- Film on Electric Fields Under Thunderstorms.- Session 3 Principles and Problems of Instrumentation, Methods of Calibration, Data Handling.- Review of Instrumentation for Atmospheric Electricity.- A Technique for Continuous Recording of the Total Rate of Ion Formation in the Atmosphere.- Electric Charge Current Due to Drifting Snow.- Variation of Omega at Two Land Stations.- Atmospheric Electrical Mechanical Transfer Currents to Plate Antennas.- The Measurement of Atmospheric Electric Fields Using a Newly Developed Balloon Borne Sensor.- Effects of Velocity and Other Physical Variables on the Currents and Potentials Generated by Radioactive Collectors in Electric Field Measurements.- Investigation of the Temporal Structure of the Electric Field Intensity Near the Earth’s Surface in Application to the Task of Determination of Mean Values.- Direct Determination of the Individual Concentrations of Radon Daughter Products in the Atmosphere by the Means of Delayed Coincidence Technique.- General Discussion.- Session 4 Cloud Physics, Non-Convective Clouds and Precipitation.- Some Electrical Effects in Clouds.- Study of Warm Cloud Electricity.- Electrification Measurements from a Dropsonde and their Interpretation.- On the Convective Electrification of Warm Stratified Clouds.- The Influence of Electric Forces Upon Droplet Collection Efficiencies.- Electrification by Collisions of Ice Particles on Ice or Metal Targets.- Melting Electrification of Single Ice Particles in Simulated Free Fall.- The Interactions of Freely-Falling Ice Crystals.- Electric Fields in the Vicinity of Clouds.- Charging Mechanism of Snowflakes and Soft Hail.- Airborne Measurements of Electric Charging of Marine Fog.- General Discussion.- Session 5 Thunderstorms and Showers.- An Assessment of Thunderstorm Electrification Mechanisms.- Radio Emission of Convective Clouds in Various Stages of Development.- Electrical Conditions Near the Bases of Thunderclouds in the Southwestern United States.- Electrical Structure of Large Overwater Shower Clouds.- Precipitation Electricity of Thunderclouds and Showerclouds.- The Velocities of Charged Hydrometeors and the Production of High Fields in Thunderstorms.- Electrochemical Charge Separation in Clouds.- The Electric Discharges in Nimbostratus.- Point Discharge Characteristics and Charge Configuration in Thunderclouds.- Modeling of Thunderstorm Electrification.- Modeling of an Induction Process of an Electric Field Growth in Thunderstorm Clouds.- An Electrodynamic Instability in Thunderstorms.- Effect of Convection in the Electrification of Clouds.- The Problem of Cloud Electricity.- The Theory of Electrokinetic Phenomena Accompanying the Crystallization of Supercooled Aerosols of Aqueous Solutions.- On the Freezing Electrification of Freely Falling Water Droplets.- About One of the Mechanisms of Electrization of Thunderstorm Clouds.- General Discussion.- Session 6 Global Circuit and Ten-Year Program.- Theoretical Problems of the Global Atmospheric Electric Circuit.- Diurnal Variation and Absolute Intensity of world-wide Lightning Activity, September 1970 to May 1971.- Airborne Atmospheric Electrical Measurements of the Variation of Ionospheric Potential and Electrical Structure in the Exchange Layer Over the Ocean.- Annual Variations of the Ionospheric Potential, the Air-Earth Current Density and the Columnar Resistance Measured by Radiosondes.- Air-Earth Current Density Over the Atlantic Ocean.- The Global Circuit and Its Parameters.- On the Regional Effect in the Global Atmospheric Electric Field.- Secular Trends in Thunderstorm Frequencies.- Quantitative Characteristics of Thunderstorm Activity.- Effect of Convection Within the Austausch Layer on the Electrical Potential Gradient in the Atmosphere.- On the Turbulent Convective Component of the Fair-Weather Current Density.- Lightning Occurrence in a Subtropical Area.- General Discussion.- Session 7 Atmosphere-Space Coupling, Solar-Terrestrial Effects, Atmospheric Electricity on Other Celestial Bodies.- Global, Quasi-Static Electric Fields in the Earth’s Environment.- Vertical Propagation of Time-Dependent Electric Fields in the Atmosphere and Ionosphere.- The Effects of Magnetospheric Convection on Atmospheric Electric Fields in the Polar Cap.- Thundercloud Electric Fields in the Ionosphere.- Three-Dimensional Electric Fields and Currents in the Stratosphere.- Review of Planetary Electrical Models — Analogies to Earth.- Review of Electrification Processes in Planetary Atmospheres.- Global Electric Fields Measured in the Stratosphere.- A Study of Possible Correlation Between Fair-Weather Electric Field and Auroral Activity.- Stratospheric Electricity and the Global Circuit.- General Discussion.- Session 8a Physics of Lightning and Sferics Part I.- Remark by the Editors.- Calculation of the Electric and Magnetic Fields Produced by Close Lightning.- Lightning Ground Stroke Charge Location from Multistation Electrostatic Field Change Measurements.- On Lightning Discharges in Winter Thunderstorm.- The Triggering of Lightning by Corona from Ice Hydrometeors or Colliding Raindrops.- Radar Study of Precipitation Development in Thunderclouds.- Advances in a Decade of Thunder Research.- Spectroscopic and Electric Current Measurements of Lightning at the Monte San Salvatore Observatory, Lugano, Switzerland.- Stepped Leader Initiation Via Positive Streamer System Intensification.- The Onset of Long Electrical Discharges in Clean Air.- Anomalous Behavior of H Lines in Lightning Spectra.- Some Statistical Features of Discharging Processes in Thunderclouds.- General Discussion.- Session 8b Physics of Lightning and Sferics Part II.- The Propagation of Atmospherics.- The Fine-Structure of Electric Field Changes Produced by Lightnings.- Results of the Global VLF-Atmospherics Analyser Network.- VHF Radio Pictures of Lightning.- Measurements of the Electric and Magnetic Fields Produced by Close Lightning.- Global Monitoring of Atmospherics.- Development of Observations of Atmospherics.- General Discussion.- Session 9 Late Additions.- Krypton 85, a Global Contaminant.- Water Clathrates Formed in Supercooled Fog by Seeding with Pulverized Liquid Propane.- Lightning Incidence in Britain and the Solar Cycle.- The Measurement of Lightning and Thunderstorm Parameters Including the Application of Lightning Flash Counters.- Some Geomagnetic and Atmospheric-Electric Field Variations Observed at ?wider and Belsk Observatories.- Long-term Changes in Magnetic and Atmospheric-Electric Fields on the Basis of the Recordings of the “St. Kalinowski Geophysical Observatory” at ?wider, Poland.- Secular Decrease in Ionospheric Potential.- Electric Charge Transmission by Lightning Flashes to Earth.- Neutrons from Lightning?.- Lightning Detection from Satellites.- Lightning Elimination.- Session 10 Atmospheric Electricity Activities of the Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research.- Atmospheric Electricity Activities of the Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research.- Concluding Remarks.- Concluding Remarks.- Banquet-Address.- The Role of Atmospheric Electricity in the Atmospheric Sciences.- Report on the Fifth Conference.- Report on the Fifth Conference.- Author Index.- Index of Chemicals in Symbols.- Index of Localities and Areas.- Index of Institutes. Agencies. Organizations.