Elements of Physics

To the Instructor We are seeing an increased need for a one-year While the language of calculus is indispensable survey of physics, at the calculus level, and with here, its manipulative power will, with some regret, the inclusion of some modern physics. A growing be left pretty much unexploited; calculus-centered number of students-in engineering as well as in exercises, seductive though they are, would not the sciences-must take early technical courses that help us accomplish our mission. demand a reasonable familiarity with physics as a Suggested scheduling. How much material whole. should be covered in one term? Some possible The present book is a response to that need. The apportionments of the 28 chapters (24 without the author is well aware that introductory physics modern physics) are indicated in the table below. cannot be compressed or pruned ad infinitum; nevertheless, the one-year goal may yet be reachable. With modern Without modern A slim volume does not seem to be the answer. physics physics Rather than compressing or pruning, I have tried to work towards a smoother exposition. To that 2 terms 14+ 14 12+ 12 end a variety of devices-not necessarily bulk­ 3 terms 9+ 10+9 9+8+7 saving-have been enlisted: a liberal use of line drawings; a modest number of chapters, but each Enough problems are provided for three full fairly broad, in the hope of improving the con­ semesters, if desirable.

1. Measurement.- A. Theories versus Data.- B. Precision in Numbers.- C. Distance.- D. Time.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 2. Motion.- A. Uniform Motion.- B. Accelerated Motion (One-Dimensional).- C. Vertical Free Fall.- D. Vectors.- E. Motion in a Plane.- F. Projectiles.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 3. Force.- A. The Law of Inertia (Newton’s First Law).- B. Force and Acceleration (Newton’s Second Law).- C. Combining Forces.- D. Action and Reaction (Newton’s Third Law).- E. Pulleys and Surfaces.- F. Effective Gravity.- Note.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 4. Energy.- A. Conservation of Energy in Free Fall.- B. Work.- C. Work and the Energy of a Particle.- D. Work and the Energy of a System.- E. Conservation of Total Energy.- Note.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 5. Momentum.- A. Conservation of Momentum.- B. Two-Body Collisions.- C. Force from a Jet.- D. The Center of Mass.- Note.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 6. Circular Motion.- A. Angular Variables.- B. Uniform Circular Motion.- C. Nonuniform Circular Motion.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 7. Rotation and Torque.- A. Rotation About a Fixed Axis.- B. Torques in Terms of Forces.- C. Rotational Equilibrium.- D. Rotation and the Center of Mass.- E. Angular Momentum.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 8. Gravity.- A. Astronomical Comments.- B. Universal Gravitation.- C. Orbits.- D. Gravitational Potential Energy.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 9. Fluids.- A. Pressure and Density.- B. Archimedes’ and Pascal’s Principles.- Note.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 10. Heat.- A. Temperature.- B. Heat as Transferred Energy.- C. Specific Heat.- D. Phase Transitions.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 11. Molecules and Gases.- A. The Existence of Molecules.- B. Atomic Masses and the Kilomole.- C. The Ideal-Gas Law.- D. Kinetic Theory.- E. Internal Energy and Heat Capacity.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 12. Work from Heat.- A. Heat and the Conservation of Energy (First Law of Thermodynamics).- B. Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.- C. Entropy and the Waste of Energy.- D. The Logic of this Chapter.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 13. Vibrations.- A. Hooke’s Law and the Ideal Spring.- B. Harmonic Motion.- C. Superposition and Sound.- D. Resonance.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 14. Waves.- A. Traveling Waves in Strings.- B. Classifying Waves.- C. Sound in Gases.- D. Standing Waves.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 15. Electric Charge and Itsfield.- A. The Electric Force.- B. The Electric Field.- C. The Electric Flux and Gauss’ Law.- Note.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 16. The Electric Potential.- A. Introducing the Potential.- B. Single Conductors in Equilibrium.- C. Capacitors.- D. Energy of the Electric Field.- E. Particles Controlled by Electric Fields.- Note.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 17. Direct Currents.- A. Ohm’s Law.- B. Electric Power.- C. Circuits.- D. Conduction.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 18. Magnetic Forces.- A. Magnetic Poles and Fields.- B. Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge.- C. Magnetic Force on a Current.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 19. Magnetic Fields from Currents.- A. The Law of Biot and Savart.- B. Proof by Action and Reaction.- C. Ampère’s Law.- D. Magnetic Poles: An Illusion.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 20. Magnetic Induction.- A. Electric Field Seen by a Moving Object.- B. Moving Circuits.- C. Faraday’s Law of Induction.- D. Application to Coils.- E. The Induced Electric Field.- Note.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 21. Inductance and Alternating Currents.- A. Self-induction.- B. Natural Oscillations in a Circuit.- C. Alternating Currents.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 22. Electromagnetic Waves.- A. Theory of Electromagnetic Waves.- B. Energy and Momentum in a Wave.- C. The Electromagnetic Spectrum.- Note.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 23. Geometrical Optics.- A. Wave Fronts and Rays.- B. Refraction of a Plane Wave.- C. Reflection of a Plane Wave.- D. Image Formation by Lenses.- E. Image Formation by Mirrors.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 24. Waveoptics.- A. Interference by Reflection.- B. Diffraction from Slits.- C. Noncoherent Light.- D. Limits of Resolution.- E. Polarization.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 25. Relativity.- A. The Michelson-Morley Experiment.- B. The Postulates of Relativity.- C. The Equivalence of Mass and Energy.- D. Time Dilation.- E. The Logic of this Chapter.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 26. Waves Versus Particles.- A. Photoemission.- B. X Rays.- C. The Compton Effect.- D. Electron Waves.- E. The Role of Probability.- Note.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 27. Atomic Structure.- A. Energy Levels.- B. Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom.- C. Electron States and Their Four Quantum Numbers.- D. The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- 28. The Nucleus.- A. The Stable Nuclei.- B. Radioactivity.- C. Nuclear Reactions.- Notes.- Condensed Checklist.- True or False.- Problems.- Appendices.