Energy Management Handbook, Sixth Edition

Newly revised and edited, this comprehensive handbook is the definitive stand-alone energy manager's desk reference, used by thousands of professionals throughout the industry. The sixth edition includes new chapters on ground-source heat pumps, sustainability, and high performance green buildings, plus an in-depth revision of sections on control systems. In this book, you will find detailed coverage of every component of effective energy management, including energy auditing, economic analysis, boilers, steam systems, cogeneration, waste-heat recovery, building envelope, HVAC systems, electric energy management, control systems, lighting, energy systems maintenance, industrial insulation, alternative energy, indoor air quality, utility rates, thermal energy storage, codes standards, natural gas purchasing, energy security, utility deregulation, financing, commissioning, as well as measurement and verification of energy savings. Detailed illustrations, tables, graphs, and many other helpful working aids are provided throughout.

INTRODUCTION
Background
The Value of Energy Management
The Energy Management Profession
Some Suggested Principles of Energy Management

EFFECTIVE ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Energy Management Program
Organizational Structure
Energy Policy
Planning
Audit Planning
Educational Planning
Strategic Planning
Reporting
Ownership
Summary

ENERGY AUDITING
Energy Auditing Services
Basic Components of an Energy Audit
Specialized Audit Tools
Industrial Audits
Commercial Audits
Residential Audits
Indoor Air Quality

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Objective
General Characteristics of Capital Investments
Sources of Funds
Tax Considerations
Time Value of Money Concepts
Project Measures of Worth
Economic Analysis
Special Problems
Summary & Additional Example Applications

BOILERS AND FIRED SYSTEMS
Analysis of Boilers & Fired Systems
Key Elements for Maximum Efficiency
Fuel Considerations
Direct Contact Technology for Hot Water Production

STEAM AND CONDENSATE SYSTEMS
Thermal Properties of Steam
Estimating Steam Usage & Its Value
Steam Traps & Their Application
Condensate Recovery

COGENERATION
Cogeneration System Design & Analysis
Computer Programs
U.S. Cogeneration Legislation: PURPA
Evaluating Cogeneration Opportunities: Case Examples

WASTE-HEAT RECOVERY
Waste-Heat Survey
Waste-Heat Exchangers
Commercial Options in Waste-Heat-Recovery Equipment
Economics of Waste-Heat Recovery

BUILDING ENVELOPE
Principles of Envelope Analysis
Metal Elements in Envelope Components
Roofs
Floors
Fenestration
Infiltration
Summarizing Envelope Performance with the Building Load Coefficient
Thermal "Weight"
Envelope Analysis for Existing Buildings
Envelope Analysis for New Buildings
Updated Envelope Standards for New & Existing Construction
Additional Reading

HVAC SYSTEMS
Surveying Existing Conditions
Human Thermal Comfort
HVAC System Types
Energy Conservation Opportunities
Cooling Equipment
Domestic Hot Water
Estimating HVAC Energy Consumption

ELECTRIC ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Power Supply
Effects of Unbalanced Voltages on the Performance of Motors
Effect of Performance-General
Motors
Glossary of Frequently Occurring Motor Terms
Power Factor
Handy Electrical Formulas & Rules of Thumb
Electric Motor Operating Loads
Determining Electric Motor Operating Loads
Power Meter
Slip Measurement
Amperage Readings
Electric Motor Efficiency
Comparing Motors
Sensitivity of Load to Motor RPM
Theoretical Power Consumption
Motor Efficiency Management
Motors Are Like People
Motor Performance Management Process
How to Start MPMP
Nameplate Glossary

ENERGY MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS
Energy Management Systems
Justification of EMCSs
Systems Integration
EMCS Software Specifications
EMCS Installation Requirements
The DDC Dictionary
EMCS Manufacturers Directory

LIGHTING
Lighting Fundamentals
Process to Improve Lighting Efficiency
Maintenance
New Technologies & Products
Special Considerations
Daylighting
Common Retrofits
Schematics
Glossary

ENERGY SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE
Developing the Maintenance Program
Detailed Maintenance Procedures
Materials Handling Maintenance
Truck Operation & Maintenance
Measuring Instruments
Saving Energy Dollars in Materials Handling & Storage
Recent Developments

INDUSTRIAL INSULATION
Fundamentals of Thermal Insulation Design Theory
Insulation Materials
Insulation Selection
Insulation Thickness Determination
Insulation Economics

USE OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Refuse-Derived Fuel
Fuel Cells

INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Introduction & Background
What Is the Current Situation
Solutions & Prevention of IAQ Problems

ELECTRIC & GAS UTILITY RATES FOR COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS
Introduction
Utility Costs
Rate Structures
Innovative Rate Type
Calculation of a Monthly Bill
Conducting a Load Study
Effects of Deregulation on Customer Rates

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
Storage Systems
Storage Mediums
System Capacity
Economic Summary

CODES, STANDARDS AND LEGISLATION
The Energy Policy Act
State Codes
Model Energy Code
Federal Energy Efficiency Requirements
Indoor Air Quality Standards
Regulations & Standards Impacting CFCs
Regulatory & Legislative Issues Impacting Air Quality
Regulatory & Legislative Issues Impacting Cogeneration & Power
Opportunities in the Spot Market
The Climatic Change Action Plan

NATURAL GAS PURCHASING
Preface
Natural Gas as a Fuel
Buying Natural Gas
New Frontiers for the Gas Industry

CONTROL SYSTEMS
Why Automate Control?
Why Optimization?
Technology Classifications
Control Modes
Input/Output Devices
Valves & Dampers
Instrument Accuracy, Repeatability & Drift
Basic Control Block Diagrams
Key Fundamentals of Successfully Applied Automatic Controls
Operations & Maintenance
Expected Life of Control Equipment
Basic Energy-Saving Control Applications
Advanced Energy-Saving Control Applications
Facilities Operations Control Applications
Control System Application Pitfalls to Avoid
Costs & Benefits of Automatic Control
Estimating Savings from Applied Automatic Control Systems
Conclusion & Further Study
Glossary of Terms

ENERGY SECURITY AND RELIABILITY
Risk Analysis Methods
Countermeasures
Economics of Energy Security & Reliability
Links to Energy Management
Impact of Utility Deregulation

UTILITY DEREGULATION AND ENERGY SYSTEMS OUTSOURCING
An Historical Perspective of the Electric Power Industry
The Transmission System & FERC's Role in Promoting Competition in Wholesale Power
Stranded Costs
Status of State Electric Industry Restructuring Activity
Trading Energy: Marketers & Brokers
The Impact of Retail Wheeling
The Ten-Step Program to Successful Utility Deregulation
Aggregation
In-House vs. Outsourcing Energy Services

FINANCING ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROJECTS
Financial Arrangements: A Simple Example
Financial Arrangements: Details & Terminology
Applying Financial Arrangements: A Case Study
"Pros" & "Cons" of Each Financial Arrangement
Characteristics that Influence Which Financial Arrangement Is Best
Incorporating Strategic Issues When Selecting Financial Arrangements
Glossary

COMMISSIONING FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Commissioning for Energy Management
Commissioning Definitions
The Commissioning Process in Existing Buildings
Commissioning Measures
Ensuring Optimum Building Performance
Commissioning New Buildings for Energy Management
Additional Information

MEASUREMENT & VERIFICATION OF ENERGY SAVINGS
Overview of Measurement & Verification Methods

GROUND-SOURCE HEAT PUMPS APPLIED TO COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
Abstract
Background
Introduction to Ground-Source Heat Pumps
About the Technology
Application
Technology Performance
Hypothetical Case Studies
The Technology in Perspective
Manufacturers
For Further Information

SUSTAINABILITY & HIGH PERFORMANCE GREEN BUILDINGS
Beginnings
Sustainability Gives Rise to the Green Buildings Movement
Introducing the LEEC NC Rating System: A Technical Review
LEED for Existing Building Rating System (LEED-EB) Adopted in 2004
Summary Discussion of Two New LEED Programs
The LEED Process
ASHRAE Guides Developed to Support LEED
Appendices
Index