Enzyme Engineering

The recent worldwide explosion of interest in enzymes as cata­ lysts in industrial processes has arisen primarily because of the potential of major innovative advances which have taken place over the last two decades, foremost among these being novel methods of enzyme immobilization and affinity chromatography for rapid enzyme purification. This interest is now being further stimulated by the remarkable commercial success of several enzyme-based industrial processes, particularly the production of high-fructose syrup in the U. S. and amino acid production in Japan. With the initiation of these and other processes, together with the readying for commercial­ ization of several other enzyme-based operations, interest has ex­ panded in other areas in which enzymes may playa useful role, particularly in medicine and analytical chemistry. The development of this technology has required the cooperative efforts of practi­ tioners of several disciplines, primarily chemical engineers, bio­ chemists and other life scientists. Indeed, from this cooperation is arising the new interdisciplinary field of Enzyme Engineering. To stimulate communication, information exchange and advance­ ment of knowledge in this new field on an international level the Engineering Foundation, through the efforts of Lemuel B. Wingard, Jr. , initiated in 1971 a series of international conferences on Enzyme Engineering to be held biannually. The first two conferences were held in Henniker, New Hampshire, in the summers of 1971 and 1973, respectively, while the third conference, from which these proceedings derived, was held in August 1975 in Portland, Oregon.

Innovation in Enzyme Engineering.- Session I. New Methods of Stabilizing and Immobilizing Enzymes and Whole Cells.- The Immobilization of a Stable Esterase by Entrapment, Covalent Binding and Adsorption.- Liquid-Membrane Hollow Fiber Enzyme Reactors.- Synthesis of Organic Acids and Modification of Steroids by Immobilized Whole Microbial Cells.- Immobilization of Enzymes by Reductive Alkylation.- Development of Immobilized Urease for the Owens-Illinois BUN Analyzer.- Immobilization of ?-Tyrosinase Cells with Collagen.- Stepwise Thermophotochemical Crosslinking for Enzyme Stabilization and Immobilization.- Session II. Enzyme Engineering.- Mass Transfer Problems with Immobilized Oxidases.- Mass Transfer and Reaction with Microcapsules Containing Enzyme and Adsorbent.- Enzymatic Regeneration of ATP from AMP and ADP: Kinetic Studies with the Coupled Enzyme System.- Cofactor Regeneration in Artificial Enzyme Membranes: Potentialities for Analytical and Reactor Applications.- Optimal Operations of a Batch Enzyme Reactor: Isomerization of D-Glucose to D-Fructose.- Physicochemical Aspects of Immobilized Enzyme-Matrix Interactions.- Coupled and Multienzyme-Nylon Tube Reactors.- Short Reports: Kinetics and Stability of Immobilized Glucose Oxidase and Catalase.- Kinetics of D-Glucose to D-Fructose Isomerization.- Efficiency of Two Immobilized Enzymes Acting in Sequence.- Photocontrol of Enzyme-Collagen Membrane Activity.- Enzyme Immobilization in Collagen Films Adhered to Semi-Rigid Supports: The Enzymatic Sponge Reactor.- Hollow Fiber Enzymatic Reactors: An Engineering Approach.- Session III, Enzyme Engineering and Enzyme Purification.- Genetic Engineering with Nitrogen Fixation.- The State of Enzyme Isolation Technology.- Unit Operations of Enzyme Purification.- Scale-Up of Enzyme Purification.- Carbon Dioxide as a Reagent for Proteins.- Application of Computers to Enzyme Recovery.- Studies on Immobilized Trypsin in High Concentrations of Organic Solvents.- A Tapered Fluidized Bed as a Bioreactor.- Short Reports: Induction of Phenol Hydroxylase in Yeast.- Session IV. Affinity Chromatography and Enzyme Cofactor Immobilization, Application and Regeneration.- Analysis of Ligand-Macromolecule Interactions by Quantitative Affinity Chromatography.- Affinity Chromatography: Interferences and their Prevention.- Immobilized Cofactors and Cofactor Fragments in General Ligand Affinity Chromatography and as Active Cofactors.- Purification of Dehydrogenases and Kinases by Affinity Chromatography.- Factors Concerning the Effectiveness of Affinity Chromatography Using Immobilized Cofactors.- Hydrophobic Chromatography and Its Potential Use in Biotechnology.- Purification of Proteinases by Affinity Chromatography Techniques.- Covalent Affinity Chromatography of Acetylcholinesterase.- Salt-Stable Hydrophobic Versus Salt-Reversible Electrostatic Effects in Adsorptive Protein Binding.- Strategy for Pure Hydrophobic Chromatography.- Short Reports: High Turnover NAD Regeneration in the Coupled Dehydrogenase Conversion of Sorbitol to Fructose.- Microencapsulated Multi-Enzyme Systems as Vehicles for the Cyclic Regeneration of Free and Immobilized Coenzymes.- Session V. Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes.- Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes: A Review.- Refixation of Solubilized and Purified Microsomal Enzymes: Towards an Extracorporal Detoxification in Liver Failure.- Immobilized Enzymes in Tubes and Hollow Fibers for Clinical Applications.- The Cholesterol Electrode: Use of the Polarographic Oxidase Anode with Multiple Enzymes.- Medical Applications of Affinity Chromatography.- Studies on the Thermal Enzyme Probe.- Prospects for an Assay Technique Based on Volatile Enzyme Products.- Short Reports: Enzymatic Catalysis of a Three Step Steroid Conversion.- Enzyme-Thermistor Assays of Cholesterol, Oxalic Acid, Glucose and Lactose in Standard Solutions and Biological Samples.- Session VI. Industrial Applications of Immobilized Enzymes.- Industrial Production of L-Malic Acid by Immobilized Microbial Cells.- Production of 5?-Mononucleotides Using Immobilized 5?-Phosphodiesterase and 5?-AMP Deaminase.- A New Method for the Production of Optically Active Aminoacids.- Development of an Adsorbed Lactase Immobilized Enzyme System.- Studies on the Isomerization of D-Glucose by Immobilized Glucose Isomerase.- Macrokinetics and Reactor Design for the Industrial Application of Enzymes in L-Aminoacid Production...- Recent Trends in Enzyme Engineering in Japan.- Short Reports: Pilot Plant Production of Glucose from Starch with Soluble a-Amylase and Immobilized Glucoamylase.- Production of High-Fructose Syrup Using Glucoamylase and Glucose Isomerase Immobilized on Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin.- Reduction of Lactose in Milk by Entrapped ?-Galactosidase. IV. Results of Long Term Experiments with a Pilot Plant.- Use of ?-Galactosidase, ?-Galactosidase, Glucose Isomerase and Invertase in Hollow Fiber Reactors.- Appendix I. Recommendations for Standardization of Nomenclature in Affinity Chromatography.- Appendix II. Matters Arising from the Nomenclature of Immobilized Enzymes.- List of Participants.