Enzyme Engineering

Enzyme technology continues to maintain a high degree of interest both in the academic and industrial communities. Since the last Enzyme Engineering Conference held in Bad Neuenahr, Federal Republic of Germany, two years ago, an increasing emphasis has been placed on the study and application of immobilized whole cells and organelles. This new emphasis has been reflected in the number of presentations directed to this area. The Fifth International Enzyme Engineering Conference was held in Henniker, New Hampshire, July 29 to August 3, 1979. The organizers of this conference are especially grateful for the generous support received from a number of industrial organizations. The conference was attended by 183 participants representing over 22 countries making this truly an international conference. During this conference, emphasis was placed on a wide variety of areas including: enzyme production, energy transduction, co­ factor modification, biomass conversion, immobilized enzymes, cells and organelles, and enzymatic synthesis of chemicals and pharma­ ceuticals. This volume contains most of the presentations and posters presented at the Fifth Conference. The names of the session co­ chairmen, workshop chairmen, committee members and sponsoring organizations are included as an appreciation of their efforts in making this a successful conference. The preparation of this volume was carried out by the editors including editing and proofing of the individual manuscripts and the final copy of this volume. The editors are indebted to Ms. S.

Keynote Paper.- Achievements and Predicted Developments in Enzyme Engineering.- Session I. Enzyme Production.- Comparative Quantitative Physiology of High Cellulase Producing Strains of Trichoderma Reesei.- Bacterial Exo-Enzyme and Exo-Toxin Export.- Enzyme Purification by Liquid-Liquid Extraction.- Continuous Isolation of Yeast-Lytic Enzymes from Citophaga.- Characterization of Membranes for Enzyme Retention.- Cloning of the Penicillin G-Acylase Gene of Escherichia coli ATCC 11105 on Multicopy Plasmids.- Immobilized Tannin as Protein Adsorbent-Preparation, Characteristics, and Applications.- Aminoalkylpolysaccharide Sorbents in Purification of Enzymes.- Immunochemical Identification of a New Thermostable ?-Galactosidase from a Bacillus Species.- Mass Spectrometer Monitoring of a Yeast Fermentation.- Affinity Chromatographic Investigations on Enzyme Coenzyme Complexes of CoA-Dependent Enzymes.- Session II. Enzymes and Energy Transduction.- Principles of Bioelectrocatalysis.- Cofactor Modified Electrodes for Energy Transfer.- Immobilized Thylakoids and Chromatophores: Hydrogen Production and ATP Regeneration.- Some Aspects of Direct Bioelectrocatalytic Regeneration of Cofactors.- A New Enzyme Transducer Combination: The Enzyme Transistor.- A Simple, General Method for Preparation of Hydrosoluble Polymeric Adenine Nucleotide Coenzymes.- Cofactor Reaction-Diffusion Kinetics for an Alcohol Dehydrogenase Membrane.- Approaches to Stabilization of Hydrogenase and Nitrogenase Against Oxygen Inactivation.- Biochemical Energy Conversion System.- Session III: Biomass Conversion.- Utilization of ?-Glucosidase from Aspergillus Species in the Hydrolysis of Cellulose.- The Comparative Role of Exoglucosidase and Cellobiase in Glucose Formation from Cellulose.- Novel Enzymes from Methylotrophic Microorganisms.- Ethanol — Butanediol Fermentation of Xylose.- Fluorimetric Monitoring of Methanogenesis in Anaerobic Digesters.- Session IV: Biomedical and Analytical Applications of Enzymes and Antibodies.- Enzyme Channelling Immunoassay. A New Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay Technique.- Human Renal Renin: Purification, Production of Specific Antibodies. Clinical Applications.- Competitive Binding Studies of Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions Using a Lectin Electrode.- Potentiometrie Enzymatic Measurement of Glucose: Possible In Vivo Use.- Immobilized Enzyme Pipette — “Impette”.- Electrochemical Determination of Lipids in Serum.- Immobilized Enzymes for Medical Application.- Photoenzography: Using Enzymes for Photographic Aims.- The Design of Peroxide Enzyme Membrane Polarographic Sensors for Clinical and Industrial Analysis.- New Approaches Using Immobilized Enzymes for the Removal of Urea and Ammonia.- Enzyme-Collagen Reactor Designed from an Hemodialysis Module.- Immobilization and Characterization of Enzymes on Hollow Fibers for a Possible Use in the Biomedical Field.- Magnetic Microspheres for Targeting of Drugs.- Modification of Enzymes with Water-Soluble Polymers.- Detoxication of Ammonia by Immobilized Urea Cycle Enzymes.- Use of the Enzyme Thermistor for Continuous Monitoring and Control in Biotechnology.- Distribution of Damkohler Number of Spherical Matrix Particles by Image Analysis.- On-line Determination of Reaction Rate Versus Substrate Concentration for an Enzymatically Catalysed Reaction by Means of a Microcomputer System.- Microbial Sensors for Ethyl Alcohol, Acetic Acid and Ammonia.- Session V: Large-Scale Transformations Using Bound Enzymes.- Improved Whey Treatment by Immobilized Lactase.- Lactose Hydrolysis by Immobilized Lactase: Semi-industrial Experience.- Production of Useful Nucleotides with Immobilized Microbial Cells.- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis in the Degradation of ?-Glucan Polymers.- Absorption Into a Liquid Film in Laminar Flow Coupled with an Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction at the Solid Surface.- Catalyst Deactivation and Optimal Operation Policy: Immobilized ?-galactosidase.- Stability Studies on the Immobilized Glucose Oxidase/Catalase Enzyme System.- Hydrodynamics and Kinetics of Hollow Fiber Enzyme Reactors.- Isomerose Syrups Containing Greater than 90% Fructose.- Session VI: Immobilized Cells and Organelles.- Immobilization of Whole Microbial Cells for the Production of 6-Amino Penicillanic Acid.- Application of Immobilized Biocatalysts to Bioconversion in Hydrophobic Conditions.- Alginate Bead Entrapped Yeast Cells for Continuous Inversion of Sucrose and Molasses.- Physical Characterization of Biocatalyst Particles Obtained form Polymer Entrapment of Whole Cells.- The Use of Free and Immobilized Cells in the Presence of Organic Solvents: The Oxidation of Cholesterol by Nocardia Rhodochrous.- Properties of Enzymes Solubilized in Hydrocarbons via Reversed Micelles.- The Potential Use of Immobilized Plant Cells for the Production and Transformation of Natural Products.- Immobilized Whole Cells of the Yeast Trigonopsis variabilis Containing D-Amino Acid Oxidase for the Production of ct-Keto Acids.- Enzymatic Synthesis of Pantothenic Acid by Escherichia coli Cells.- Production of Useful Chemicals Using Cells Immobilized with Polyacrylamide and Carrageenan.- Affinity Chromatographic Purification of Proteins Using Immobilized Cells.- Synthesis of Coenzymes by Immobilized Cell System.- Session VII: Bound Enzymes and the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals.- Continuous Deacetylation of Cephalosporins.- Thermostability of Soluble and Immobilized Subtilisins After Their Modification by Dextrans and Dextrins.- Isolation and Immobilization of Porcine Ligandin with Glutathione Transferase Activity.- Studies on the Stability of Soluble and Immobilized Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Yeast Mitochondria.- Distribution of Staphylococcal Nuclease Insolublizied on Sepharose.- Immobilized Penicillin Acylase for Production of 6-APA From Penicillin-V.- Preparation and Characterization of Metal Oxide-coated Supports for Oxidase Enzymes.- Enzyme Immobilization on Pyridine Containing Polymers.- Cross-linked Pectate.- Immobilization of Biocatalysts Using Ultrafiltration Techniques.- ?-Galactosidase Immobilized on Benzoquinone-Activated Bead Cellulose and on Oxirane-Acrylic Beads.- Application of Immobilized Carboxypeptidase Y for Deblocking in Peptide Synthesis.- Adsorption and Distribution of Enzymes in Carriers.- Application of Photosensitive Immobilized ?-Chymotrypsin to Synthetic Reaction.- List of Participants.